本书所涉及的时期,除去有关荷兰的论述外,约计6年,即从1776年到1781年。
构成本书主体的几个题材,包括对“安德鲁·多利亚”号鸣放礼炮,有关荷兰共和国的论述,这个时期以罗德尼上将为中心的海战,北美南部的陆上战斗,最后还包括通向约克镇围困的长途跋涉等。有关这些题材已经出版或者未出版的材料之多,远远超过我的预想,而将这些材料一道列入通常的参考书目亦过于庞杂。因此我对使用过的材料加以选择,仅列出有限的书目,尽量遴选、列举出对我撰写本书,或者对那些想进一步研究这个问题的人最有价值的著作。
材料来源见“注释”,已标出书中相应页码,同时从文中选出标记性词汇。著作名均可在“参考文献”相应作者名下查到。如该作者著作不止一本,则相关著作特别标明。
字母“q.”标明材料系从第二手材料中引出。
有关议会议程的材料可在《大不列颠,议会》(Great Britain,Parliament)相关卷宗相关日期下查到。
参考著作选录
有关“安德鲁·多利亚”号最完善的材料是J·富兰克林·詹姆森(J. Franklin Jameson)的《美国革命时的圣尤斯特歇斯岛》(St. Eustatius in the American Revolution),有关美国海军草创时期的材料见威廉·贝尔·克拉克(William Bell Clark)的《美国革命的海军文件》(Naval Documents of the American Revolution)和塞缪尔·艾略特·莫里森上将(Admiral Samuel Eliot Morison)的《约翰·保罗·琼斯:一个海员的传记》(John Paul Jones: A Sailor’s Biography)。
关于荷兰共和国,除了必读的约翰·莱思罗普·莫特利(John Lathrop Motley)的著作外,有关荷兰反叛和建国更现代、更优秀的著述还有比德鲁斯·约翰尼斯·布洛克(Petrus Johannes Blok)的《荷兰人民史》(History of the People of the Netherlands),C·M·戴维斯(C. M. Davies)的《荷兰历史及荷兰民族》(The History of Holland and the Dutch Nation),以及查尔斯·博克瑟(Charles Boxer)的《荷兰海上帝国》(The Dutch Seaborne Empire)。
就我书中所涉及的历史阶段而言,目前最有参考价值的是诺德霍尔特·舒尔特(Nordholt Schulte)的《荷兰共和国及美国独立》(The Dutch Republic and American Independence),此书对各方面均有涉及。
有关罗德尼上将共有四种传记。第一部奠基之作是1830年出版的由罗德尼女婿乔治·B·芒迪中将(Lieutenant-General George B. Mundy)撰写的,此书收录了大部分通信材料,但是根据该书的编辑乔治·比利亚斯(George Bilias)的说法,芒迪“对原信用词多有擅改之处”(见1972年版第1卷第9页前言)。罗德尼尚健在时,在芒迪的作品出版后,海军传记作家戴维·汉内于1891也出版了他的传记。之后又出版了两种现代版的传记,分别是1963年出版的唐纳德·麦金太尔上尉(Captain Donald Maclntyre)的作品,以及1969年出版的戴维·斯平尼(David Spinney)的作品。
关于海战的概述,首屈一指的是阿尔弗雷德·塞耶·马汉的《海权对历史的影响》(Influence of Sea Power upon Histor);有关海上生活的不可或缺的材料是托比亚斯·斯摩莱特的小说《罗德里克·朗德姆》(Roderick Random),而有关船帆及火炮操纵最有参考价值的则是莫里森上将的《约翰·保罗·琼斯》(John Paul Jones)。有关我作品所涉及阶段的海军历史方面最有价值的是W·M·詹姆斯上尉(Captain W. M. James)的《逆境中的英国海军》(The British Navy in Adversity),和查尔斯·李·刘易斯(Charles Lee Lewis)的《格拉斯上将及美国独立》(Admiral de Grasse and American Independence)。A·B·C·惠普尔(A. B. C. Whipple)的《风帆战舰》(Fighting Sail)提供了很好的补充。讲述切萨皮克湾海战的哈罗德·A·拉腊比(Harold A. Larrabee)的《切萨皮克湾的决定》(Decision at the Chesapeake)内容有限,但可读性很强。
欧内斯特上校和特雷弗·迪普伊的《革命战争简明历史》(The Compact History of the Revolutionary War)是对当时的美洲陆上战争的军事指南。对于普通读者而言,如欲对当时阶段有全面而生动的了解,我向他们推荐约翰·C·米勒(John C. Miller)的《自由的胜利:1775-1783》(Triumph of Freedom 1775—1783),和塞缪尔·B·格里菲思(Samuel B. Griffith)的《捍卫公共自由》(In Defense of the Public Liberty)。最重要的材料见道格拉斯·索撒尔·弗里曼(Douglas Southall Freeman)七卷本的《乔治·华盛顿》(George Washington),约翰·菲茨帕特里克(John Fitzpatrick)编辑的39卷本的华盛顿《文集》(Writings),佩奇·史密斯(Page Smith)的三卷本的约翰·亚当斯传记及通信,以及专门性研究,例如塞缪尔·弗拉格·比米斯(Samuel Flagg Bemis)的《美国外交史》(A Diplomatic History of the United States 。
关于约克镇战役本身,有两部经过详加考证并引证当事人言论的优秀著作,托马斯·J·弗莱明(Thomas J. Fleming)的《最后一次擂响战鼓》(Beat the Last Drum),和伯克·戴维斯(Burke Davis)的《赢得美国的那场战役》(The Campaign That Won America)。
有关从哈德孙河到约克镇的长征,有6个当事人的日记颇具价值:法军陆军军需兵司令兼军需局局长(the Commissary or Quartermaster for the French army)克劳德·布朗夏尔(Claude Blanchard)的日记,罗尚博将军助手(Aide to General Rochambeau)路德维希·冯·克洛森男爵的日记,法军总参谋部加斯帕德·加勒廷少校的日记,罗尚博自己的回忆录,尤为难得的是在格拉斯手下服务的瑞典中尉卡尔·古斯塔夫·特恩奎斯特的日记,以及由两名匿名法国军官撰写的《格拉斯伯爵率领下法国舰队的战役》(Operations of the French Fleet Under the Count de Grasse)。
英国并无第一手有关美国战争概述的著作。考虑到战争的结果,这可以理解,但例外的是亨利·克林顿爵士战后撰写的惨兮兮的著述。可以弥补这种缺憾的是富兰克林和玛丽·威克怀尔(Franklin and Mary Wickwire)聚焦于康沃利斯勋爵在美国的战役的精心之作,还有已经过世的威廉·威尔科克斯教授(Professor William Willcox)对亨利·克林顿爵士所做的心理描写。在英国人所记的日记中,最有意思的是弗雷德里克·麦肯齐上尉的日记,在总司令部撰写,观察敏锐,文笔犀利。
英国人所记的不直接与战争相关,但有关社会生活的日记很多,价值亦高,包括N. 威廉·拉克索尔爵士的《回忆录》(Memoirs),曾任英国驻海牙和圣彼得堡公使的马姆斯伯里伯爵一世詹姆斯·哈里斯(James Harris)的日记,约翰·赫尼奇·杰西(John Heneage Jesse)的回忆录,尤其重要的是霍勒斯·沃波尔的《最后日记》(Last Journals)。
原始材料
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二手材料
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