(下面的页码是指原书页码)

Aachen[地]亚琛,见Aix-la-Chapelle

Abagha[族]阿巴噶部,517

Abakan[地]阿巴坎草原,558注

Abakhai[人]阿巴亥(努尔哈赤之子),517,518

Abaqa[人]阿八哈,296,304,305,333,334—335,366—372,398

Abares, Abaroi[族]阿瓦尔人,见Avars

Abatai[人]阿巴台,512

'Abbas (the Great)[人]阿拔斯大帝,485

Abbasids (Baghdad caliphate)[朝]阿拔斯王朝(巴格达哈里发王朝),xxx, 141,147,150,151,158,169,189,237-238,245,261,269,282,312,349,353,354-356,357,359,398

Abbaswali[人]阿布兹瓦力沙,421

'Abd al- 'Aziz[人]阿布阿兹,488

'Abd al-Karim[人]阿布都·哈林,500

'Abd-Allah[人]阿布都拉(死于1452年),460

'Abd-Allah[人]阿不德·阿拉赫(活跃于1750年),541

'Abd-Allah II (1557-98)[人]阿不德·阿拉赫二世,485,487

'Abdallah ibn-Qazghan (Mirza 'Abdallah)[人]米儿咱·阿布达拉赫,343,345,409

'Abd-Allah Tarkhan-beg[人]阿布杜拉·塔尔汗伯格,531

'Abd al-Latif[人]阿不都·拉迪甫(死于1450年),460

'Abd al-Latif[人]阿不杜拉迪甫(拉失德的长子)(活跃于1540年),499

'Abd al-Malik I,[人]阿布德·阿尔-马立克一世,143

'Abd al-Malik II[人]阿不德·阿尔-马立克二世,144

'Abd al-Mu'min[人]阿布德·穆明,485,486

'Abd ar-Rahman[人]奥鲁剌合蛮,268,271-272

'Abd ar-Rashid[人]阿不都·拉失德,499-500

'Abd ar-Razzaq[人]阿布德·拉扎克,390

'Abd ar-Razzaq Samarqandi Matla'es-sa'dein,[书]《两幸福之会合》作者阿布德·拉扎克·撒马尔干第,459,624注

Abeskun[地]阿贝什昆,240

'Abish-khatun[人]阿必失可敦,366

Ablai (Ablai-taiji)[人]阿布赖台吉,522,523,525,526

Abraham, Mar[人]马·雅巴拉哈,见Mar Abraham

Abramovka[地]阿布拉莫威卡,4

Abu 'Ali[人]阿布·阿里,143-144

Abu Bakr[人]阿布·巴克尔(1231-60),353,354,359

Abu Bakr[人]阿布·别克尔(活跃于1298年),335

Abu Bakr[人]阿布·巴克尔(活跃于1403年),435,451,456,458

Abu Bakr[人]阿布·巴克尔(活跃于1460-1514年),494,495,497

Abu 'l Faiz[人]阿布勒费兹,486

Abu 'l Fath Muhammad[人]阿布儿·法斯·穆罕默德,588注

Abu 'l Ghazi,[人]阿布·哥志,486

Abu 'l Ghazi Bahadur, Shajare-i Turk,[人]阿布哈齐,《突厥世系》,214,252,406,487-488

Abu 'l Khair[人]阿布海儿,460,479,480-481,489,615注

Abu 'l Muzaffar Yusuf[人]阿布儿·穆扎菲·玉素甫,588注

Abu Sa'id[人]不赛因(1317-34年),387,389,396

Abu Sa'id[人]卜撒因(死于1469年),460-462,463,464,479

Achaemenids[朝]阿赫门尼德王朝,9,12,13,15,28,545注-546注

A-chu[人]阿术,286-287

Acre[地]阿迦,305,349,360,363,364,373

Adai[人]阿台,505,506

Adaj[地]阿台,254,392

Adana[地]阿达纳,370

Adrianople[地]亚德里亚堡,157,174,184

Adriatic[地]亚德里亚,267

Adzai[人]阿占,506

Aëneolithic period[专]铜石并用时期,5

Aetius[人]埃提乌兹,76

Afghanistan[地]阿富汗地区(参看伽色尼王朝,古尔王朝,克尔特人),346,409,411,412,414,419,429,456,457,487;参见Ghaznavids;Ghorids;Kerts

Agni[地]焉耆(喀拉沙尔),见Kara Shahr

A-ha-ma[人]阿哈马·费纳客忒,见Ahmed (1486/87-1503);Ahmed Fenaketi

Ahmed[人]阿黑马德(活跃于1089年),147,153

Ahmed[人]帖古迭儿(活跃于1282年),见Tekuder

Ahmed[人]阿合木(活跃于约1387年),431,432,433

Ahmed[人]阿黑麻(活跃于1460-81年),470-471,489

Ahmed[人]阿黑麻(1469-94),463,464,494

Ahmed[人]阿赫麦德(A-ha-ma;1486/87-1503),482,495,496

Ahmed (the Durrani)[人]阿黑麻,488

Ahmed al-Khalidi[人]阿赫麦德·哈里迪,377

Ahmed Fenaketi (A-ha-ma)[人]阿合马·费纳客忒,297,601注

Ahmed Jelair ibn-Uweis[人]阿合木·札剌儿·伊本·乌畏思,390,429,430,433,434,435,437,447,450,456

Ahmed-khoja[人]阿哈玛特和卓,528

Ahmed Razi[人]阿哈木拉齐,500

Ahura-Mazda[宗](阿乌兹达神)阿胡拉马兹达神,见Ormazd

Aibeg[人]艾伯格,348-349

Ai-buqa[人]爱不花,301,302,303,599注

Ailah[地]伊犁河,见Ili

'Ain Jalud[地]艾因贾卢特,364,398,446

'Aintab[地]加济安特普,447

Ai-sie[人]爱薜(伊萨),见'Isä

Ai tängridä qut bulmysh alp bilgä[人]爱登里啰汨没蜜施合毗伽可汗,122

Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen)[地]埃克斯-拉-夏佩勒,175

Ajanta[文]阿旃陀,51,52,96

'Ajlun[地]阿杰伦,363

Akcay[地]阿克恰伊,623注

Akhshunwar (Akhshunwaz)[人]阿克希瓦,68

Akhsi[地]阿赫昔,482,496

Akhtanizovka[地]阿赫坦尼诺夫卡,16

Akhtuba[地]阿赫图巴,442

Akmolinsk[地]阿克摩棱斯克,254,392

Aksaray[地]阿克萨赖,350,359

Aksehir[地]阿克谢希尔,382,451

Aksu (river)[地]阿克苏河,369,398

Aksu[地]阿克苏城(参看姑墨,拨换城),40,43,44,46,47,95,101,114,344,422,426,460,461,482,493,494,496,497,498,500,537,538,541

Aktyubinsk[地]阿克纠宾斯克,254,394,440,460,478,480

A-ku-ta[人]阿骨打,134,136,515-516

'Ala ad-Din[人]阿拉丁(火炮手,工程师)(活跃于1272年),287

'Ala ad-Din[人](苏丹)阿拉丁(活跃于1390年),452,623注

'Ala ad-Din (Tarmashirin;约1326-33年)[人]答儿麻失黑,341,387

'Ala ad-Din Juvaini[人]志费尼,见Juvaini

'Ala ad-Din Kai-Qobad (Kaybobad)I[人]凯库巴德一世,261

'Ala ad-Din Khilji[人]阿拉丁·哈勒吉,339,443

'Ala ad-Din Muhammad (Muhammad of Khwarizm)[人]摩诃末,167-169,234,236-240,244,245,418,589注

Alaghai-bäki[人]阿剌该别吉,227,301

Alai[地]阿赖山,41

Alaka[人]阿剌加(迪杰拉克),见Jaylak

Ala-Kul[地]阿拉湖,424

Al'altun (Altun-bäki)[人]阿勒屯别吉,234,330

Alamut[地]阿剌模忒,354,364

“A-lan[地]阿兰塞,”210

Alan-qo'a[人]阿兰豁阿,193

Alans (As; Asod)[族]阿兰人(阿速人),29,72,73,74,75,78,172,246,265,281,304,402,442,503,504,505,552注,559注;参见Asianoi;Asioi

Alaqmaq[地]阿拉喀马克,272,273,394

Alaqush-tigin[人]阿剌忽失的斤,213,227,250,301

Alashan[地]阿拉善,xxii,55,132,226,247

Alatagh[地]阿拉塔黑,359

Ala-Tau,[地]阿拉套,xxiii,272,423

Alba-Iulia[地]阿尔巴尤利亚,267

Albatu[专]部属,530-531

Albistan[地]阿尔比斯坦,370

Alchidai (Alchidai-noyan)[人]阿勒赤歹,210,215-216

Alchi Tatar[族]按赤塔塔儿部,208

Alchun[族]金人,见Kin

Aleksandrov[地]亚历山德罗夫,246

Aleppo[地]阿勒颇,152,154,155,349,360,361,362,365,371,382,398,447

Alexander (mountains)[地]亚历山大山,见Krighiz

Alexander Nevsky[人]亚历山大·涅维斯基,395

Alexandretta[地]亚历山大里塔,155

Alexandria[地]亚历山大里亚,398,533

Alexandropol[地]亚历山大堡,10,16

Alexius Comnenus[人]阿历克塞·科蒙勒努斯,184

Alghu (Alughu)[人]阿鲁忽,286,331-332,336,397,420

'Alim[人]爱里木汗,488

Alima[人]爱里马丞相,629注

'Ali Mu'ayyad[人]阿里·穆雅德,428

Alinjaq[地]阿林加克,434

'Ali Shir[人]察儿·阿里·失儿·纳瓦依,见Mir 'Ali Shir Newa'i

'Ali-tigin[人]阿里特勤,146,149

Aljigidai[人]晏只吉带,242

Alma-Ata (Verny)[地]阿拉木图(韦尔内),422

'Ali (Of Astrakhan; 活跃于1516年)[人](阿斯特拉罕的)阿里,473,475

'Ali (Ha-li;活跃于1473年)[人]阿力,494,627注

'Ali (of Kipchak; 活跃于1501年)[人](钦察汗)阿里,471

'Ali (of Meshed; 死于约1513年)[人](麦什德的)速勒坦·阿里,见Sultan 'Ali

'Ali (of Samarkand; 活跃于1498)[人](撒麻耳干的)阿里,464,481

'Ali (son-in-law of the Prophet)[人](先知的女婿)阿里,447,448

'Ali beg[人]阿里别克,428

Almalik[地]阿力麻里,234,235-236,238,244,282,292,305,312,319,326,331,341,342,353,400

Alp Arslan ibn Chagri-beg[人]阿尔普·阿尔斯兰·伊本·查基尔拜格,147,152,184

Alp Qutlugh (Ho Ko-tu-lu)[人]阿尔普·骨咄禄(合骨咄禄),121,122

Alptigin[人]阿尔普特勤,143

Alquibula'a[地]阿勒忽不剌,207

Altai (Altun)[地]阿尔泰山,xxi, xxiii,xxiv-xxv,xxvi,14,18,19,25,39,81,83,93,109,114,189,208,214,215,222,234,235,280,338,424,479,508,540

Altaic languages[文]阿尔泰语系(参看蒙古语、通古斯语、突厥语),xxv,189,544注;参见Mongol language; Tungus languages; Turkic language

Altai-Su[地]阿尔泰河,214

Altan (Altan-ochigin)[人]阿勒坦(阿勒坦·斡赤斤),198,202,208,209,211,212,581注

Altan-khan (khanate)[朝]阿勒坦汗国,见Altynkhan (khanate)

Altan-khan (person; Yen-ta)[人]阿勒坦汗(俺答),510,513-514,520,539,540,587注

Altan-ordo[朝]金帐汗国(阿尔坦斡耳朵),见Golden Horde

Altan uruk(imperial or golden clan)[族]黄金氏族,217,221

Alti-shahr[地]阿尔蒂沙尔(喀什噶尔),见Kashgaria

Altun[地]阿尔泰山,见Altai

Altun-bäki[人]阿勒屯别吉,见Al'altun

Altun-ordu[朝]金帐汗国(阿尔浑斡耳朵),见Golden Horde

Altyn-khan (khanate)[朝]阿勒坦汗国,512

Altyn-khan (person)[人]硕垒乌巴什洪台吉,见Shului Ubasha khongtaiji

Alughu[人]阿鲁忽,见Alghu

A-lu-t'ai[人]阿鲁台,见Aruqtai

Aman(clemency)[专]阿门(宽恕),434

Amankoh (Ishkalcha)[地]阿曼科赫堡(伊斯卡察),386,427

Amasanji (Amasanji-taiji)[人]阿马桑赤台吉,493,507,508

Amaterasu[专](日)天照大神,134

Ambaqai[人]俺巴孩,198,200,228

Amid[地]阿米德(迪亚巴克尔),见Diyarbakir

Ammianus Marcellinus[人]阿米安努斯·马尔克里努斯,74-75,190

Amroha[地]阿姆罗赫,339

'Amr ibn el-Laith[人]阿马尔·伊本·埃-勒斯,142

Amu Darya (Oxus)[地]阿姆河(亚克苏斯河),xxix,30,83,85,142,146,147,158,164,166,167,168,239,240,244,282,331,333,334,340,342,343,345,353,366,393,412,414,418,438,484,485,486,487

Amul[地]阿模尔,429,432

Amur[地]黑龙江,xxvi,192,515,519

Amurdara[人]阿穆尔达喇,629注

Amursana[人]阿睦尔撒纳,537-538,541

Anacargou[地]哈拉-土尔盖河,见Kara-Turgai

Anagai[人]阿纳盖,85,173

Anakast[人]阿纳卡斯特,84

A-na-kuei[人]阿拉环,80,81

Ananda[人]阿难答,294,299,300,321,605注

Ananino[文]安纳尼诺文化,14,15,73

Anapa[地]阿纳帕,16

Anash[地]阿纳什,558注

Anatolia[地]安纳托利亚,152,154,155,157,164,385,387,389

Anchialus[地]安齐阿卢斯,174,177

Anda (sworn brothers)[专]安答(结义兄弟),201

Andalo da Savignano[人]安德鲁·沙维格纳诺,313

Andereb[地]安德里布,343

Andersson, J. G.[人]安德森,13

Andizhan[地]安集延,169,423,426,463,482,492

Andkhoi[地]安德·克霍,168,343

André de Longjumeau[人]安德烈·德·朗朱米,273,349

Andrew (活跃于1290年)[人]安德鲁,见Chagan

Andrew (of Nassio)[人]安德鲁,304

Andrew (of Perugia)[人](佩鲁贾的)安德鲁,314,605注

Andronicus II[人]安德努尼卡斯二世,374,385

Andronovo[文]安德罗诺沃文化,5

Androphagi[人]安德罗法吉人,10,11

Angaraland[地]安加拉,xxi

Angevins[专]安哲文舰队,374

Anhwei[地]安徽,58,138,287

Ani[地]阿尼,263

Animal art[文]动物艺术,4-5,12-17各处,24-26,50,176,547注

Ankara[地]安卡拉,450,451,452

Anking[地]安庆,287,310

An Lu-shan[人]安禄山,120,128

Annam[地]安南国,284,289,290

Annam, French[地]安南国(法属),见Annam; Champa

An Shih-kao[人]安世高,49

Ansi[朝]安息,47,98

Antes[族]安特人,173

Antioch[地]安条克,40,155,349,360,361

Antiochos VII[人]安提珂七世,31

Anyang[地]安阳,5,8

Ao-lo po-ki-lie[人]阿罗·波吉乃,197-198

A-pao-ki (Ye-lü A-pao-ki)[人]阿保机,128,129,515

Ap-ili[地]伊犁河流域,423

Aq-khoja[人]阿克霍札,372

Aq-ordu[朝]阿黑·斡耳朵(白帐),见White Horde

Aq-Qoyunlu (White Sheep)[朝]阿克科雍鲁朝(白羊王朝),160,391,459,462

Aqsu[人](察合台汗)阿克苏,492

Aqsu[地]阿克苏河,见Aksu

Aqtagh[地]埃克塔山,84

Aqtaghlik[朝]白山派,501,527-528,541

Aquchu (A'uchu)[人]阿忽出,582注

A Qudu[人]忽都,595注

Aquileia[地]阿奎洛尼亚,76,78

'Arab Muhammad[人]阿拉不·穆罕默德,487,521

Arad(commoners)[专]阿剌抽(平民),195,222

Aragon[专]阿拉贡舰队,374

Arakhosia[地]阿拉霍西亚,31

Aral Sea (Lake Aral)[地]咸海,xxix,38,55,67,72,73,80,82,85,126,155,165,166,185,264,335,393,420,521,523

Aramaean language[文]阿拉米亚文,113

Ararat, Mount[地]亚拉腊山,359

Aras (Araxes)[地]阿拉斯,261,347,348,462

Arban(army captain)[专]阿尔班(十夫长),222

Arbela (Erbil)[地]埃尔比勒,262,368,379,383

Arcadiopolis[地]阿卡迪奥波利斯(卢累布尔加兹),见Luleburgaz

Archers(qorchin)[专]箭筒士(豁儿赤),582注

Archers, mounted[专]马上弓箭手,7,8,23,75,223,224,553注-554注

Ardashir Togachi[人]阿答乞儿·脱花赤,459

Ardebil[地]阿尔德比勒,246

Arghasun (Harqasun)[人]阿尔哈森,608注

Arghun[人]阿鲁浑,296,304,308,309,313,367,372-376各处,379

Arghun Agha[人]阿儿浑阿合,269,281,352,376

Argun[地]额尔古纳河,192,207,211,255

Arimaspi[族]阿里玛斯波伊人,547注

Arin-taize[人]阿林太子,582注

Ariq-bögä[人]阿里不哥,280,281,285-286,291,331,332,363,397,456

Ariq-qaya[人]阿里海牙,286,287

Arjish[地]阿尔吉斯,见Ercis

Ärkägün (ärkä'ün; Nestorian priests),[专]也里可温,300,602注

Arlad[族]阿鲁剌惕部,见Arulat

“Armalech[地]阿力麻里,”见Almalik

Armavir[地]阿尔马维尔,16,73

Armenia[地]亚美尼亚,152,431,449;大亚美尼亚,263,430,433;小亚美尼亚(西里西亚),8,9,263,264,269,271,281-282,305,312,347,360,361,362,363,370,371,379,382,384

Armenians[族]亚美尼亚人,357,358,360,361,362,364,371

Arne T. J.[人]阿勒,24,26

Arnulf[人]阿尔鲁尔弗,178

Arpa[地]阿尔帕,423

Arpad (family)[族]阿尔帕德家族,178

Arpad (9th cent.)[人]阿尔帕德(9世纪人),178

Arpagaon (Arpakawan)[人]阿尔巴合温,389

Arqai[人]阿尔凯,588注

Arran (Karabakh)[地]阿兰(卡拉巴赫)草原,261,262,263,347,348,353,359,430,437,450,462,594注

Arrian[人]阿里安,547注

Arshal Atar[地]阿沙尔阿塔,423

Arslan (活跃于726年)[人]阿尔斯兰,117

Arslan (1156-72)[人]阿尔斯兰,166,167

Arslan (活跃于1211年)[人]阿尔斯兰,234,238

Arslan Ahmed[人]阿尔斯兰·阿黑马德汗,164

Arslan Ilek Nasr[人]阿尔斯兰·伊列克·纳斯尔,144,145,146

Arslan Isra'il[人]阿尔斯兰·伊斯莱尔,149

Arslan-khan (约1032-55年)[人]阿尔斯兰汗,147

Arslan-khan (活跃于1130年)[人](哈拉汗朝地区汗)阿尔斯兰汗,159,573注

Arslan-khan (活跃1211)[人]阿尔斯兰,见Arslan

Arslan-shah (1161-75)[人]阿尔斯兰·沙赫,158,159

Artebanus II[人]阿尔班努斯二世,31

Artena-oghlu[族]阿尔特纳—乌鲁氏族,391

Artsakh[地]阿特沙赫,608注

Arulat (Arlad)[族]阿鲁剌惕部,194,200,223

Aruqtai (A-lu-t'ai)[人]阿鲁台,503,504,505,628注

Aru-rarja[地]拉加寺地区,见Lakiashih

As[族]阿息人(参看阿兰人),见Alans

Ascelin[人]阿瑟林,348,349

Asha-gambu[人]阿沙甘不,247

A-shih-na Hien[人]阿史那献,114,115

A-shih-na Mi-shö[人]阿史那弥射,103

A-shih-na Pu-chen[人]阿史那步真,103

A-shih-na Shö-eul[人]阿史那社尔,99,100,101-102

Ashkuz[族]斯基泰人,见Scythians

Ashraf (死于1343年)[人]阿失剌甫,389,405

Ashraf, al-(活跃于1230)[人]阿尔·阿昔剌夫,261

Ashraf Musa, al-[人]阿什拉夫·穆萨,362

Asianoi,29,30,[族]阿息洛伊人;参见Alans

Asioi, 29,30,552注,553注[族]阿息人(阿兰人);参见Alans

Askys[地]阿什克什河,558注

Asod[族]阿苏特部(看阿兰人),见Alans

Asparukh[人]阿斯帕鲁赫,177

Assassins[宗]暗杀派,见Isma'ilis

Assur[族]亚述人,7

Assyria[朝]亚述帝国,6,7,8-9,11,12

Assyrian art[文]亚述艺术,4,11-12,13,15

Asterabad[地]阿斯特拉巴德,428,429,464,484,485

Astrakhan (Hajji-tarkhan)[地]阿斯特拉罕,441,442,471,472,473,475,486,521,522,540

Astrakhanids (Janids)[朝]阿斯特拉罕王朝,486,488

Ata(father; as title)[专]阿塔(父亲,一个称号),316

Atabeg[专]阿塔卑(封建主),158,169

Atagaroghai[地]阿塔合儿灰(卡拉图尔盖河),见Kara-Turgai

At-Bashi[地]阿忒八失河,423

Atelkuzu[地]阿特尔库祖,177,178,181,182

Atrek[地]阿特里克河,429

Atrek-Kul[地](巴尔喀什湖)阿特里克湖,见Balkhash,Lake

Atsiz[人]阿特西兹,159,160,166,573注-574注

Attali[朝]阿塔鲁王朝,157

Attila[人]阿提拉,38,75-76,78,248,267-268

Ätügän (Ïtügän)[地]於都斤山,561注

A'uchu[人]阿忽出,见Aquchu

Augsburg[地]奥格斯堡,179

Aulie-Ata[地]奥李·阿塔,见Talas (town)

Aunjetitz[地]奥涅提兹,4

Aurelian[人]奥列里安,73

Aurel Stein[人]奥瑞尔,斯坦因,见Stein, Sir Mark Aurel

Aurignacian culture[文]奥瑞纳文化,3

“Aurignacian Venus”[文]奥瑞纳女神像,3

Austrasia[朝]奥地利,173,174

Avak[人](梯弗里斯牧师)阿瓦克,358

Avares, Avari[族]阿瓦尔人,见Avars

Avaria[地]阿瓦尔人之地,175-176

Avars (Abares; Abaroi; Avares; Avari)[族]阿瓦尔人,xxiii-xxiv,xxviii,67,79,82,84-85,171-177各处,193,546注

Avicenna[人]阿维森纳,244

Ayamish[人]阿牙迷失,302

Ayas[地]剌牙思(拉齐卡),见Lajazzo

Aydin[地]艾登,449,451,452

Ayil(camps)[专]阿寅勒,196

Ayman, aymaq(tribes or army corps)[专]爱马克(部,或军团),516,530

Ayoshka[地]阿约什卡,558注

Ayuka[人]阿玉奇,522

Ayurparibhadra[人]爱育黎拔力八达,见Buyantu

Ayurshiridhara[人]爱猷识礼达腊,324,325,502

Ayyub[人]阿优布,541

Ayyubids[朝]阿尤布王朝,189,261,359-365各处

Azerbaijan[地]阿塞拜疆(阿哲儿拜占),151,155,158,169,240,245,260,261,262,263,309,315,334,339,359,361,366,368,389,390,398,405,429,430,437,456,458,459,461,462

'Aziz, al-[人]阿尔·阿吉兹,360

Azov (town)[地]亚速(城)(参看塔那),见Tana

Azov, Sea of[地]亚速海,15,79,80,172,173,176,177,181,182,246,407,436

Baalbek[地]巴勒贝克,447

Ba'arin[族]八邻部,194,202,218,599注

Ba'atur(as title)[专]巴阿秃儿(称号),194,222

Ba'atur (Ba'atur-khongtaiji)[人]巴图尔洪台吉,523,526,540

Babulsar[地]麦什德·萨尔,见Meshed-i-Sar

Baber[人]巴布尔,417,464,482,483,484,497,498

Babur-mirza[人]巴布儿·米儿咱,460,461

Babylon[地]巴比伦,7,9

Bachanak[人]佩彻涅格人,见Petchenegs

Bacninh[地]北肮,290

Bactra (Balkh)[地]巴尔赫,巴里黑城,xxi,40,68,85;参见Balkh (city)

Bactria (Balkh; Ta-hsia; Tokharistan)[地]巴克特里亚(大夏,吐火罗斯坦),xxii,28-32各处,51,67-71各处,82-83,85,93,172;参见Balkh (region);Tokharistan

Badai[人]把带,210

Badakhshan (Badascian)[地]巴达克山,65,69,70,71,305,312,340,346,409,411,414,542

Badi'az-Zeman[人]巴迪·匝曼,465,481

Badma Sambhava[人]巴德马沙布黑威,629注

Badr ad-Din Lulu[人]别都鲁丁卢卢,263-264,359,366

Baga-tarkhan[人]莫贺达干,115,566注

Baghatur(as title)[专]巴哈秃儿(称号),194

Baghdad[地]巴格达,报达,151,355-356,357,359,367,368,389,390,397,420,426,429,430,433,434,435,450,456,458,462

Baghdad,caliphate[朝]巴格达哈里发朝,参看阿拔斯王朝,见Abbasids

Bägi(as title)[专]别乞(称号),195

Bagrach, Lake (Bagrach Kol)[地]博斯腾湖,46,424

Bagrat V[人]伯格拉特五世,430

Bahmanids[朝]巴赫曼小苏丹国,444

Bahram Chobin[人]巴赫拉姆·楚宾,85,141

Bahram Gor[人]巴赫拉姆·哥尔,67-68

Bahram-shah[人]巴赫拉姆沙赫,159

Bai[地]拜城,426,492,497

Baibars[人]拜巴斯,364,366,370,398

Baibuqa[人]台不花,见Taibuqa

Baida, al-[地]拜达城(参看伊提尔),见Itil

Baidar (Peta)[人]拜答儿,264,266

Baidarik[地]拜塔里克河,536,581注

Baidu[人]拜都,377,378

Baiju[人]拜住,263,271,281,282,347,348,349,350,355,359,361,596注

Baikal, Lake[地]贝加尔湖,xxii,xxvi,xxvii,25,114,192,194,205,208,479,503,504,507,544注

Bailey, H. W.[人]贝利,30

Baiqara[人]拜哈拉,456,457,458

Bairam Khwaja[人]拜拉姆·瓦加,391

Baishing[地]板升,629注

Baitistan (Great Pulu)[族]巴蒂斯坦,大勃律,118

Bajazet (Bayezid; Bayazid)[人]巴耶塞特,435,448,450-451,452

Bajazet II[人]巴耶塞特二世,483

Bäk-chor[人]默啜,见Mo-ch'o

Bakhchisarai (Qirq-yer)[地]巴赫切萨拉伊,471,475

Bäki(as title)[专]别乞(称号),195

Bala (活跃于1222)[人]八剌(札剌儿部那颜),242

Bala (Bela;活跃于1252)[人]八拉,330

Baladitya[人]槃罗迭多,71

Balaklava[地]巴拉克拉瓦,406

Balamir (Balamber)[人]巴拉米尔(巴拉贝尔),38,73

Balanjar[地]巴伦加尔,180

Balasagun[地]八拉沙衮,133,144,145,147,164-165,233,234,236,312

Balc[地]巴里黑城,巴尔赫,见Balkh (city)

Baljuna[地]班朱尼河,211,415,583注

Balkan Mountains[地]巴尔干山脉,175,176,184-185

Balkh (city; Balc)[地]巴尔赫城,巴里黑城(参看巴克特里亚),116,142,143,146,166,240,243,305,312,340,346,409,411,412,414,415,431,456,457,460,461,481,485,486,487;参见Bactra

Balkh (region)[地]巴尔赫地区(参看巴克特里亚和吐火罗斯坦),117,153,160,414;参见Bactria; Tokharistan

Balkhash, Lake (Atrek-Kul)[地]巴尔喀什湖,xxiii, 53,55,67,72,80,95,113,114,115,119,120,148,234,238,255,270,275,277,326,335,424,425,480,489,507,508,522,531

Baltic[地]波罗的海,395

Bamian[地]巴米安,范延,50-51,97,167,241,271,329,334

Baniyas[地]巴尼亚斯,363

Banjara[人]班家拉,629注

Baqi Muhammad[人]巴基·穆罕默德,486

Baraghun-ghar (bara'un-gharorqar; barun-ghar; right or west wing)[专]右翼军,223,509,629注

Baranduk[人]巴兰都黑,480

Baraq (Ghiyath ad-Din)[人]八剌,292,327,332,333-334,369,401,606注

Bara'un-ghar (qar)[专]右翼军,见Baraghun-ghar

Barca[人]别儿哥,见Berke

Barchuq[人]巴而术,233,234,238,329-330

Bardhaa[地]巴尔德哈,437

Barghu (Barghuchin; Barquchin; Barqujin)[地]八儿忽真隘,205,208,582注

Bar Hebraeus[人]巴赫布拉攸斯,191,362,367,377,396

Barkiyaruk[人]巴尔基雅鲁克,155

Barkol[地]巴里坤,42,48,55,126,536,538

Bar Kol, Lake[地]巴里坤湖,47,126,569注

Barla[族]巴鲁剌部,见Barula

Barlas[人]巴鲁剌思部哈吉,见Hajji Barlas

Barnaoul[地]巴尔瑙尔,525

Baroghil Pass[地]巴罗吉尔山口,119

Barquchin, Barqujin[地]八儿忽真隘,见Barghu

Barquq[人]贝尔孤格,433,434,441,446-447

Barsa-bolod[人]巴尔斯博罗特,509,510

Bartan-ba'atur[人]把儿坦巴阿秃儿,198

Bartatua[人]巴塔图亚,8-9

Barthold, V. V.[人]巴托尔德,113,120,126,145,149,154,165,179,181-182,194,195,198,201,222,238,239,253,272,275,277,328,333,341,377,380,395,397,400,407,421,440,441,442,479,480,525,531

Barula (Barla)[族]巴鲁剌部,194

Barun-ghar[专]右翼军,见Baraghun-ghar

Bashkirs[族]巴什基尔人,403,472,522,576注

Basil II (Byzantine emperor)[人](拜占庭皇帝)巴西尔二世,182

Basil II (the Blind; Russian ruler)[人](罗斯统治者,瞎子)巴西尔二世,470

Basil III (Vasili Ivanovich; Russian ruler)[人](莫斯科大公,瓦西里·伊凡诺维奇)巴西尔三世,473

Basmil[族]拔悉蜜,112,113,569注,588注

Basra[地]巴士拉,315,458

Bastarnae[族]巴斯塔尔尼人,72-73

Batchman[人]八赤蛮,264

Bateni[地]巴捷尼,18

Battle of the Marshes[专]麦什德之战,412

Battle tactics[专]战术,9,23,24,74-75,224-226,228,229,242-243,245,283;artillery,529,530,540,625注;大象,use of,290,308,339,340,445,447,451,572注;火器,530,532,540;骑兵射手,7,8,23,75,223,224,553注-554注;围攻机械,283,287,450

Batu (Sain-khan)[人]拔都(赛恩汗),254,264-276,281,282,350,392-396,512,594注,596注

Bayan (活跃于582)[人]巴颜,173-174

Bayan (活跃于650)[人]巴颜(保加尔人首领),176

Bayan (Nayan; 1301-09)[人]伯颜(白帐汗),335,403

Bayan (Po-yen;活跃于1276)[人]伯颜(将领),286,287,292,294,599注

Bayan (死于1340)[人](权臣)伯颜,323

Bayan-chor[人]默延啜,见Mo-yen-cho

Bayan Selduz[人](速勒都思部)巴颜,343,345,346,409,410

Baya'ut[族]伯牙吾惕,194

Bayazid, Bayezid[人]拜牙即(迷里拜牙即)见Bajazet; Mir Bayezid

Bayirku[族]拔野古,109,110

Bayisangghur[人]巴义山格呼儿,629注

Baysonqor (Baysonkur)[人]拜孙哈尔,464

Begjik[人]别克吉,411

Beha ad-Din (Beha ad-Din Muhammad)[人]贝哈哀丁,367,609注

Beha ad-Din Marghinani[人]火者·巴海乌丁,329

Beha ad-Din Razi[人]贝哈哀丁拉齐,588注

Beit Abe[地]拜特·阿比,357

Bek(mayor of the palace)[专]伯克(宫廷侍长),577注

Bekter[人]别克台尔,199,200

Béla IV (of Hungary)[人](匈牙利王)贝拉四世,266,267

Bela[人]八拉,见Bala

Bela Vezha, Belaya Vezha[地]白城(沙克尔),见Sarkel

Belgrade (Singidunum)[地]贝尔格莱德(辛吉杜蒙),76,174

Belgutai[人]别里古台,199,293

Belisarius[人]伯里沙留斯,79

Belor[人]波罗,见Bolor

Benaket[地]别纳客忒,238,338

Benedict XII, Pope[人]本尼狄克十二世,304,319,341-342,404

Benedict de Goës[人]鄂本笃,500

Bengal[地]孟加拉,70,444

Benveniste, Émile[人]贝文尼斯特,10

Berdibeg[人]别儿迪别,405

Berke (Barca)[人]别儿哥,264,265,274,305,332,363,365,366,369,394,397-400各处,420,615注

Berkejar[人]别儿克贾,333,401

Besasiri[人]贝撒希瑞,151

Berry (France)[地]贝里(法国),178

Beshbaligh (Dzimsa; Kiu-shih; Kucheng; Peiting)[地]别失八里(吉木萨,车师,古城,北庭),42,44,46,47,48,95,100,112,113,114,125,126,144,164,197,233,272,282,305,312,326,327,329,330,331,335,351,400,569注

Bessarabia[地]比萨拉比亚,4,9,174

Beth Garmai[地]伯斯卡迈,368

Beya[地]别亚,18

Bezeklik[地]伯子克力克,52,96,98,124

Bhamo[地]八莫海峡,290,308

Bhanugupta[人]巴奴芨多,70

Bhatnair[地]帕特奈尔,444

Bichura[地]比丘拉,558注

Bichurskoye[地]比楚尔斯科雅,551注

Bihar[地]比哈尔,70;参见Magadha

Bihzad[人]毕赫札德,465

Bilgä(as title)[专]必勒格,195

Bilik(“sayings”)[专]必里克(箴言),221

Bilqas[地]比勒加斯,362

Binhdinh[地]平定,290,309

Birar[族]比拉尔族,515

Birecik[地]比雷吉克,361

Birkeh-i Gurian[地]比耳哈·古里安,423

Bistam[地]比斯坦,390

Bithynia[地]比萨尼亚,385,452

Bitlis[地]比德里思,262

Black Irtysh[地]黑额尔齐斯河,也儿的石河,也儿的石河上游,82,190,255,312,338,424,425,479,510,512,523,525,537

Black Sea[地]黑海,8,73,173,177,185,268,276,374,392,405

Black Sheep[朝]黑羊王朝,见Qara-Qoyunlu

Bleda[人]布勒达,75

Blue Mongols (Kökä Mongol)[专]蓝蒙古人,或青蒙古人,xxv,585注

Blue Turks (Kök Türk)[专]蓝突厥人,或青突厥人,86,585注;参见T'u-chüeh

Bocolabras (shaman; sorcerer)[宗]男巫,172

Bodi (Bodi-khan)[人]博迪汗,510

Bodunchar[人]孛端察尔,193

Bögä(shaman)[宗]巫师,172,195

Bogdo Ala[地]博格达拉山,95

Bogdo-khan[人]土谢图汗,见Tushetu-khan

Boghorchu[人]博儿术,见Bo'orchu

Boghul (slaves; vassals)[专]孛斡勒(奴隶、属臣),195,222

Bögü[人]匐俱,110

Bogurji[人]博儿术,见Bo'orchu

Bohemia[地]波希米亚,175

Bohemund VI[人]波赫蒙德六世,360,361,362,363

Boibeghus Ba'atur[人]拜巴噶斯巴图尔,523

Bokhan[人]波汗,85,173

Boleslav IV[人]博列思老四世,266

Boleslav V (the Chaste)[人](贞洁者)博列思老五世,399

Bolgar (town; Bolgarskoye; Bolgary; Uspenskoye)[地]保加尔人的城市(今波尔加利,乌斯平斯科伊),264,393,401,594注

Bolgars[族]保加尔人,见Bulgars

Bolgarskoye, Bolgary[地]波尔加利城,见Bolgar (town)

Bolghai[人]孛鲁合,275,285,286

Bolkhojinong[人]博勒呼济农,509

Bolod (活跃于1285)[人]孛罗(丞相),304,378,381

Bolod (约1407-12)[人]不剌汗,见Pulad

Bolod (place)[地]普拉德,见Pulad

Bolod Temür[人]孛罗帖木儿,324

Bolor (Belor)[地]波罗,306

Bon-posorcery[宗]本教,523

Bonus[人]波鲁斯,174

Bo'orchu (Boghorchu; Bogurji)[人]博儿术,200,206,210,223,589注

Boraqchin[人]博剌克斤,397

Boraq Hajjib[人]霍吉勃博剌克,260,353

Bordeaux[地]波尔多,375

Bordei-Herastrau[文]波德·希拉斯特安文化,6

Boris[人]鲍里斯,177

Borjigin[族]孛儿只斤部,193,199-200,207,217,505

Bor Nor[地]贝尔湖,捕鱼儿湖,192,198,203,210,502,510,529

Borodino[地]博罗季诺,4

Boroqul[人]博罗浑,206,210

Borotala[地]博罗塔拉,102,554注

Borovka, G. I.[人]波罗夫卡,14,16

Börte[人]孛儿帖,200,201,218,219,220,394

Börte-cino[人]孛儿帖公主,554注

Bosporus (city)[地]博斯普鲁斯城,见Panticapaeum

Bosporus (strait)[地]博斯普鲁斯海峡,174,175

Bosporus, Cimmerian[地]博斯普鲁斯,见Cimmerian Bosporus

Boucher, Guillaume[人]布歇,纪尧姆,280,281

Bronze age[专]铜器时代,4-5,6

Brussa[地]布鲁萨,见Bursa

Buchin[人]布金,334

Budaq[人]沙·布达克,481

Buddha (Buddha Sakyamuni; Sagamoni Burcan)[宗]佛陀,308;relics, 298,308,533

Buddhagupta[人]佛陀笈多,70,71

Buddhism[宗]佛教(参见喇嘛教),xxiii,32,48,49,51,60,63,65,66,70,95,96,98,99,101,111,118,125,220,237,275,276,277,290,297-300,327,367,379,383,527,628注;和尚,602注;翻译文本49,59,96,97,124,299;道人,597注,602注;参见Lamaism

Buddhist art[文]佛教艺术,48-53,64,65,70,96-99,122,124

Buerova Mogila[人]布诺瓦,16

Bug (river)[地]布格河,5,10,392

Bughra-khan Harun[人]博格拉汗哈仑,144,145,147

Bughra Sali Tutuq[人]博格拉·萨利·吐吐克,568注

Bugur[地]布吉尔,344

Bujai[人]布贾,386

Bukhara[地]布哈拉,不花剌(城),96,116,117,118,120,141,142,144,145,146,147,149,165,168,169,239,243,244,254,255,305,326,327,328,332,333,335,340,344,345,370,412,413,438,464,465,481,483-489,496,498,531,540

Bukharia[地]布哈拉地区,486,526

Bukovina[地]布科维纳,4

Bulaji (Puladshi)[人]播鲁只,344,422

Bulan[人]布兰可汗,577注

Bulat (Pulad)[人]布拉特,532

Bulgaria[朝]保加利亚国,178,268,402,403,449;Great Bulgaria,176

Bulgarians (Bulgars)[族]保加利亚人(保加尔人),399,402

Bulgar language[文]保加尔语,577注

Bulgars (Bolgars)[族]保加尔人,保加利亚人,xxviii,174,175-176,177,185,186,247,264,392,393,441

Buluk[地]布鲁克,549注

Bumin (T'u-men)[人]布明(土门),81,82,86

Bunchagan, Lake[地]布察干湖,581注

Buqa Timur[人]不花帖木儿,355

Burgas[地]布尔加斯,174,177

Burgundians[族]勃艮第人,56,60,449

Burgundy[地]勃艮第,178

Burhan ad-Din[人]布汉哀丁,391,449

Burhan ad-Din (Great Khoja)[人]包尔汉丁(大和卓),541-542

Büri (活跃于1240)[人]不里,264,265,275,607注

Büri (活跃于1270)[人]不里,334,338,607注

Buri-bökö[人]不里孛阔,204

Buri-tigin (Tamgatch-khan)[人]贝里特勤,147,572注

Burma (Mien)[地]缅甸,290-291,308

Burni[人]布尔尼,519-520

Burqan Qaldun[地]不儿罕合勒敦山(肯特山),见Kentei

Bursa (Brussa)[地]布鲁萨,420,451

Burut[族]喀喇吉尔吉斯,见Kara-Kirghiz

Buscarel de Gisolf[人]布斯卡尔,375,376

Bushang[地]布格申,427

Butkhanaha(pagan temples)[地]异教寺庙,359

Bu'ura[地]布拉河(不兀剌川),201

Buyang-ghulai[人]布颜格呼赖,629注

Buyan-quli[人]巴颜合里,343

Buyan Shiban[人]布颜昔班,301

Buyan Temür[人]卜颜帖木儿,325

Buyantu (Ayurparibhadra)[人]普颜笃(爱育黎拔力八达),321,340

Buyids[朝]布威朝,143,150-151,152,153,354-355

Buyiruq[人]不亦鲁,205,208,215,584注

Buyur, Lake[地]捕鱼儿湖,206

Buzar[人]布札儿,234,235

Byskar[地]拜什卡尔,558注

Bytom[地]比托姆,399

Byzantine Empire[朝]拜占庭帝国,57,62,82-85,153,172,173-175,177,179-180,182,184,186,385,399,401,402,452

Byzantium[地]拜占庭,参看君士坦丁堡,见Constantinople

Cacianfu[地]河间府,见Hokien

Caesarea[地]凯撒里亚,154,273,349

Caffa (Feodisiya)[地]喀发(费奥多西亚),319,342,403,404,405,407,471,472,473

Cahen, G.,[人]卡亨,402

Cahun, Léon[人]卡洪,224,247

Cail (Kayal)[地]卡亚尔,311

Cailac[地]海押立,见Qayaligh

Cairo[地]开罗,364,387

Caitan, Çaiton[地]刺桐,(泉州),见Chüanchow

Cambaluc[地]汗八里,(北京),见Peking

Cambay, Gulf of[地]坎贝湾,309

Cambodia[地]柬埔寨(高棉),见Khmer

Campiciu[地]甘州,见Kanchow (Kansu)

Campsay[地]杭州,见Hangchow

Campus Mauriacus[地]莫里亚库斯驻地,76

Camul[地]哈密,见Hami

Cansay[地]杭州,见Hangchow

Canton (Sincalan)[地]广州(辛迦兰),287,290,305,308,309-310,315,323,324,518,605注

Cappadocia[地]卡帕多细亚,8,9,154,155,157,370,391,449

Carachoço[地]哈剌火州(吐鲁番),见Turfan

Caragian (kingdom)[朝]云南国,见Yunnan

Caragian (town)[地](云南;大理城)哈剌章,见Tali

Caraian[朝]云南(王国),见Yunnan (kingdom)

Caramoran[地]黄河,见Yellow River

Caria[地]卡里亚,452

Carl, Jean[人]J.卡尔,51

Carnatic[地]卡纳蒂克,311

Carnuntum,[地]卡农图姆,175

Carolingians[族]加洛林王朝人(也参看查理曼),60,158,178;参见Charlemagne

Carpathian Mountains[地]喀尔巴阡山脉,73,75,176,177

Carpini[人]迦儿宾,见Piano Carpini

Cascar[地]喀什城,见Kashgar

Casimir IV (of Poland)[人](波兰的)卡西米四世,470

Caspian Sea[地]里海,8,93,185,245,400,508,521,523,525

Catalonia[地]加太罗尼亚,74

Cathay[地]契丹,306,309

Catherine II (of Russia)[人](俄国的)叶卡捷琳娜二世,477

Catholic Church[宗]天主教教会,见Christianity条下

Cattaro[地]科托尔,见Kotor

Caucausus[地]高加索,6,8,9,11,176,181,240,246,263,366,376,392,397,419,433,442,522

Cavalry[专]骑兵,见Archers,mounted;Horse

Ceylon[地]锡兰国,298,308,311,315

Chaban[地]佛誓,见Vijaya

Chadak[地]哈达克,488

Chagan[人]察罕,223

Chagan (Zagan; Andrew)[人]察甘,376

Chagatai[人]察合台,见Jagatai

Chaghan[人]察罕,259

Chaghan-ordo[朝]白帐汗国(查罕·斡耳朵),见White Horde

Chaghan Tatar[族]察罕塔塔儿部,207-208

Chaghan Temür[人]察罕帖木儿,323,324

Chagri-beg[人]查基尔拜格,150

Chagri-khan Jalal ad-Din[人]恰格里汗·贾拉尔·阿德·丁,574注

Chahar (people)[族]察哈儿人,509-514,517,519,530,538,629注

Chahar (place)[地]察哈尔,xxii,xxv,25,164,285,288,507,516

Chaka (Jeku)[人]术客,402,403

Chakravartin(as title)[宗]查克拉瓦蒂(佛教词汇中为“宇宙之君主”),298

Chalcedon[地]卡尔西登,174

Chalish[地]察力失(焉耆,喀拉沙尔),见Kara Shahr

Chäm (Jäm)[地]剑河,584注

Champa (Ciamba; Cyamba)[朝]占婆,289-290,308,315

Champagne (region)[地]香巴尼地区,178

Chandrapida[人]真陀罗秘利,118-119

Chandu[地]上都府,见Shangtuho

Changan (Fengyuanfu; Kingchaofu; Qan-baliq; Quegianfu; Sera metropolis; Sian)[地]长安(京兆府),xxix,34,38,41,56,57,58,59,61,63,66,81,83,89,90,92,100,120,126,127,232,307,599注,604注,605注

Chang Ch'uen[人]张骞,30,34

Changchow[地]常州,287

Ch'ang-ch'uen[人]长春真人,见Kiou Ch'ang-ch'uen

Changchun[地]长春,516

Chang Hiao-sung[人]张孝嵩,117

Ch'ang Huei[人]常惠,37

Chang Kuei[人]张珪,299

Changping[地]昌平,107

Changsha[地]长沙,284,287

Chang Shih-ch'eng[人]张士诚,323,324

Chang Shih-ch'ung[人]张世忠,511

Chang Shih-kie[人]张世杰,287

Chang Shuen[人]张顺,287

Changteh[地]彰德(参看邺城),65,130,137,232;参见Ye

Chang-ti[人]汉章帝,42,44

Changyeh[地]张掖,35,41

Chan Kue[人]张贵,287

Chao[朝]赵国,20

Ch'ao (paper currency)[专]钞(纸币),297,310,377

Chao, Hou-[朝]后赵,见Hou-Chao

Chao, Ts'ien[朝]前赵,见Ts'ien-Chao

Chaochow[地]潮州,287

Chaochow[地]赵州,108

Chao Huei[人]兆惠,538,541

Chao Hung[人]赵珙,199

Chao K'uang-yin[人]赵匡胤(宋太祖),见T'ai-tsu

Chao Meng-fu, school of[文]赵孟頫瞓学派,223

Chao-modo[地]昭莫多,530

Chao Pao[人]赵彪,54

Chao Pao-ki (Li Ki-ts'ien)[人]赵保机(李继迁),132

Chao P'o-nu[人]赵破奴,35

Chao Ssu-wen[人]赵思温,129

Chao Tö-ming[人]赵德明,133

Chaoyang[人]朝阳,557注

Chao Yüan-hao[人]赵元昊,133

Chäpär[人]察八儿,295,335,336,338,384

Chapogir[族]恰波吉尔人,515

Charchan[地]车尔城,见Cherchen

Charin[地]察里恩河,460

Charkhlik[地]恰克里克城(参看罗不),见Lop

Charlemagne[人]查理曼,82,158,175

Charpentier, Jarl[人]查尔彭蒂尔,29,30

Cha'ur-bäki[人]察兀儿别吉,209

Chavannes, Édouard[人]沙畹,42

Che Ch'an[人]支谶,49

Che-che[人]致支,37,38,55,72

Che-che yun-tu, Mount[地]《元史》折折运都山,212

Chekiang[地]浙江,137,287,308,323,324,518

Che K'ien[人]支曜,49

Chenab[地]杰纳布河,446

Chenchow[地]镇巢,304,503,599注

Cheng Ki[人]郑吉,37

Ch'eng T'ang[人]陈汤,38

Chengting[地]正定,108,130,132,229

Chengtu (Sindufu)[地]兴都府,307,310,598注

Chenkiang (Cinghianfu)[地]镇江,137,139,302

Chen-kin (Chinkim)[人]真金,302,321

Ch'en Mu[人]陈睦,43,46

Chen-tsung[人]宋真宗,132,133

Ch'en Yu-liang[人]陈友谅,323,324

Cherchen (Charchan; Ciarcian)[地]车尔城,306

Cheremis[族]切列米斯人,472

Cherman[地]起儿漫,见Kerman

Chernigov[地]切尔尼戈夫,10,246,265

Chernoziom[地]切尔诺柔姆,547注

Chernyakhov[地]切尔尼亚霍夫,73

Chersonesus,85;[地]刻松城,参见Kherson

Chertomlyk[地]切尔托姆雷克,7,10,546注

Ch'eu Ou[人]崔瑀,599注

Chi[地]蓟(今天的北京),见Peking

Ch'i, Pei-[朝]北齐,见Pei-Ch'i

Chiangmai (Xiengmai; Pape)[地]清迈,291,600注

Chia Ssu-tao[人]贾似道,284,286

Ch'i-chia-p'ing[文]齐家坪文化,3

Chichow[地]池州,287

Ch'ien Han Shu[书]《前汉书》,21,29,30-31

Ch'ien-lung[人]乾隆,xxx,518,520,537,538-539,542

Chihli, Gulf of[地]直隶湾,14,230

Chihtan[地]志丹(保安),见Paoan

Chih Tao[人](傅安)之道,见Fu An

Chila'un[人]赤老温,200,206

Chilgerbökö[人]赤勒格儿力士,201

Chilperic[人]查尔帕里克,58

Chimbai[人]赤不拜,200

Ch'in[朝]秦朝,20,26-27

Chin (12th-13th cent.)[朝]金国,见Kin

Chin, Hou-[朝]后金,见Hou-Chin

Ch'in, Hou-[朝]后秦,见Hou-Ch'in

Ch'in, Hsi-[朝]西秦,见Hsi-Ch'in

Chin, northern or western[朝]晋(北晋或称西晋),54,55

Chin, southern or eastern[朝]晋(南晋或东晋),56-57

Ch'in Ts'ien-[朝]前秦,见Ts'ien-Ch'in

China, Republic of[朝]中华民国,323,519,529

China Sea[地]中国海,308

Chinaz[地]契纳兹,412

Chinggis-khan[人]成吉思汗,见Jenghiz Khan

Chingintalas[地]欣斤塔剌思,603注

Chingiz[地]青吉兹,215

Chin Huai-ti[人]晋怀帝,56

Chinkiang[地]镇江,287

Chinkim[人]真金,见Chen-kin

Chin Min-ti[人]晋愍帝,56

Chinqai[人]镇海,257,268,270,272,274,351

Ch'in Shih Huang-ti[人]秦始皇,20,26,101

Chintimur,[人]真帖木儿,351

Chios[地]希俄斯岛,452

Chirchik (Parak)[地]奇尔奇克河(帕拉克河),244,463,496

Chigirin[地]奇吉林,15

Chita[地]基塔,25,37,551注

Ch'iu-chiu-ch'ueh[人]邱就却,见Kujula Kadphises

Chiu Shih-ssu[人]瞿式耜,518

Chkalov[地]奥伦堡,见Orenburg

Chmielnik[地]赫梅尔尼克,266

Chochow[地]涿州,131,132,570注

Chofang[地]朔方,34-35

Chöl[族]沙陀,见Sha-t'o

Choligh-buqa[人]绰里吉不花,301

Chopan (Juban)[人]出班,385,387

Chormaghan (Chormaqan)[人]绰儿马罕,261-262,263,347-348,350,351,359

Choros (Olöt; Tsoros)[族]绰罗斯部,503,520-521,523-528各处,531,537,538,539,540;参见Oirat

Chosroes I Anoshirvan[人]库思老一世(阿奴细尔汪),82,83

Chosroes II Parviz[人]库思老二世(帕维兹),51,85,174

Chou, Hou-[朝]后周,见Hou-Chou

Chou, Pei-[朝]北周,见Pei-Chou

Chou Ta-kuan[人]周达观,291

Chowkowtien[地](北京)周口店,3

Christianity[宗]基督教,165,179,180,186,220,263,281,282,300,312,313-314,319,341-342,348,356-358,360,361,363,377,379,401,402,404;主教,300;参见Jacobites; Nestorianism

Chu[地]楚河,38,67,82,102,133,144,145,165,189,204,233,236,244,254,277,326,343,395,397,423,425,508

Chüanchow (Caitan; Caiton; Zayton)[地]泉州(刺桐),287,291,305,308,310,311,312,314,319,604注

Chuchow (Cugiu)[地]处州,308

Chufut-Kale[地]基尔基,见Kirki

Chuguchak[地]楚固恰克,xxiii,95,164,424,526

Ch'u-lo[人]处罗,89

Ch'u-mi[族],处蜜,100

Ch'u-mu-kuen[族]处木昆,115

Chumysh[地]楚麦什河,525

Chung[人]忠,43,45

Ch'ung-cheng[人]崇祯帝,517

Ch'ung-fu-ssu(government department)[专]崇福司,300

Chung-hei[人](金王)永济,140,227,230

Chunghing[地]中兴府(参看宁夏),见Ningsia

Chungli (Fengyang)[地]钟离(凤阳),65

Chungshan (Tingchow)[地]中山(今保定南部的定州),59,60

Chung-tu[地]中都(北京),见Peking

Chuong-duong[地]升隆,290

Chu Sho-fu[人]竺朔佛,49

Chuvash (people)[族]楚瓦什人,177,472,559注

Chuvash (mountain)[地]楚瓦什山,489

Chuvash language[文]楚瓦什语,577注,559注

Ch'u Wen[人]朱温,127

Chu Yüan-chang[人]朱元璋,见Hung-wu

Ch'u-yueh[族]处月部,见Sha-t'o

Cialis[地]察力失(喀拉沙尔),见Kara Shahr

Ciamba[地]占城,见Champa

Ciangli[地]滋阳,见Tsiyang

Cianglu[地]长卢,见Tsanglu

Ciarcian[地]车尔城,见Cherchen

Cilicia (Little Armenia)[地]西里西亚(小亚美尼亚),8,9,263,264,269,271,281-282,305,312,347,360,361,362,363,370,371,379,382,384

Cimmerian Bosporus[地]辛梅里安人的博斯普鲁斯,xxvi,18,25,39

Cimmerians[族]辛梅里安人,v,4-5,6,8,9,10,11,25,545注

Cinghianfu[地]镇江,见chenkiang

Circassia[地]塞卡西亚,376,442

Circassians[族]契尔克斯人,246

Clavijo[人]克拉维约,453

Clement V, Pope[人](教皇)克力门五世,314,384

Clovis[人]克洛维,63

Coal, mining of[专]煤矿,309

Cocachin[人]阔阔真,见Kökächin

Coigangiu[地]淮安,见Hwaian

Coilum[地]奎隆,见Quilon

Colchis[地]科尔奇斯,8

Confederates[族]卫拉特人,见Oirat

Confucianism[宗]儒教,64,299,300

Confucius[人]孔子,64

Constantine V[人]君士坦丁五世,177

Constantine VII (Porphyrogenitus)[人]君士坦丁七世,177,178,182,577注

Constantine X (Ducas)[人]君士坦丁十世,185

Constantine Diogenes[人]康士坦丁·台吉勒斯,182

Constantine Tych (of Bulgaria)[人]君士坦丁泰奇,399

Constantinople (Byzantium)[地]君士坦丁堡(拜占庭),xxviii,xxix,56,57,174,176,182,184,276,319,374,399,449,452,453,533

Cordier, Henri[人]考狄尔,316

Corlu[地]乔尔卢,184

Costume[专]服饰,7,8,20,21,51,52,74,97-98,124,223

Cotan[地]于阗(和田),见Khotan

Council of Lyons[专]路易斯宗教委员会,370

Courant, Maurice[人]考朗特,510,515,526,531,532

Coyat[人]科亚特,277

Cracow[地]克拉科夫,266,399

Crimea[地]克里米亚,13,15,39,73,85,180,182,247,276;热那亚和威尼斯银行家,247,312,374,403-407,442,471;汗国,470,471,472,473,475,477;可萨里亚,180,314,401,403

Croatia[地]克罗地亚,267

Croats[族]克罗地人,175

Cromerus[书]《克罗麦鲁斯编年史》,399

Crusades and crusaders[专]十字军,245,246,349,449,451,452;参见Jerusalem

Csanad[地]琼纳德,266

Csongrad[地]琼格拉德,176

Csuny[地]琼尼,176

Ctesiphon[地]泰西封,68

Cubuk[地]丘布克,451

Cucuteni[地]库库特尼,4

Cugiu[地]处州,见Chuchow

Cumanian language[文]库蛮语,280

Cumans[族]库蛮人,钦察人,见Kipchaks

Currency: coins[专]钱币(怯伯币,纸钞),380,393,401;硬币,341;纸币,297,310,377

Cyamba[朝]占婆,见Champa

Cyandu[地]上都府,见Shangtuho

Cyaxares[人]奇阿克撒列,9

Cyprus[地]塞浦路斯,281

Cyril, St.,[人]圣·西利尔,180

Cyrus[人]居鲁士,9

Dacia[地]达西亚,45,72,73

Dagestan[地]达吉斯坦,179,182

Daha[地]帕哈,见Kediri

Dahur[族]达呼尔族,515

Dai-Sechen[人]德薜禅,200,206

Dalai khan[人]达赖汗,524

Dalai Lama (Tale-Lama; as title)[专]达赖喇嘛,514,581注

Dalai Nor (Hulun Nor)[地]达赉诺尔(呼伦池),54,210,582注

Dalai taiji[人]达赖台吉,523

Dalmatia[地]达尔马提亚群岛,267

Damascus[地]大马士革,154,155,261,360,361,362,363,365,382,419,447-448

Damghan[地]达姆甘,240,428,461

Damietta[地]达米埃塔,245,373

Damna[地]达蒙纳,41

Dandanaqan[地]丹丹坎,147,150

Dandan-Uilik[地]丹丹-乌里克,52,96

Daniel (of Galicia)[地](西里西亚的)丹尼勒,265,395,399

Danishmend (Muslim doctors)[专]达失蛮(回教僧侣),602注

Danishmend Behadur[人]答尼失蛮·巴黑都儿,385,386

Danishmendids[朝]丹尼什门德王朝,154

Danishmendiya[人]答失蛮察,343

Daniyal-khoja[人]丹尼雅尔和卓,528,541

Danube[地]多瑙河,4,72,74,75,76,78,79,148,173-178,181,182,184,185,267,268,295,399

Dao-tu Ki[人]陶子奇,290

Daquqa[地]达古格,245

Daritai (Daritai-noyan; Daritai-ochigin)[人]答力台-斡赤斤,202,208,212,213

Darius[人]大流士,9-10,23

Darja[人]达尔扎,537

Darqan (darqat; as title)[专]答儿罕(称号),222,586注-587注

Darugachi (daruqachi; official)[专]达鲁花赤(地方官),243,259

Daud[人]道特,149

Daulet Girei III[人]道勒特·格来,477

David (活跃于1248)[人]大卫,349

David Lasha[人]大卫·拉沙,269,272,350

David Narin[人]大卫·纳林,269,272,350

Dawaji (Tawaji)[人]达瓦齐,537,538

Dawud-khoja[人]达乌德火者,315,340,386

Dayan[人]达延汗,509-510,539,540

Dayan khan[人]达延汗,524

Dayir Usun[人]带儿兀孙,215

Daylam[朝]戴拉木王朝,355

Daxata[地]达克沙塔,41

Dbus[地]乌斯藏,524

Deccan[地]德干高原,69,311,444

Delhi[地]德里,242,260,339,341,417,419,420,443,444,445,446

Denev[地]德勒夫,10

Dengizich (Dinzigich)[人]顿吉兹奇(丁兹吉克),78-79

Denha[人]腆合,304

Denha, Mar[人]马·德赫,见Mar Denha

Derbent[地]打耳班,8,246,281,282,366,369,376,398,430,437,441

Derestuisk[地]德瑞斯特斯克,25,37

Dervish[人]德尔维希,475

Desna[地]德斯纳河,11

Dewatdar[专]副掌印官,357

Dilshad Agha[人]迪勒沙·阿哈,423

Dimitrii Donskoi[人]德米特里·顿斯科伊,405-406,407

Dinzigich[人](顿吉兹奇)丁兹吉克,见Dengizich

Dio Cassius[人]狄奥卡修斯,547注

Diyarbakir (Amid)[地]迪亚巴克尔,261,262,263,360,433,456,459,462

Dizful[地]迪兹富勒,432

Djaylak[地]迪杰拉克,见Jaylak

Djenkshi[人]靖克失汗,见Jenkshi

Dnieper[地]第聂伯河,4,10,73,177,178,181,182,246,392,402,471

Dniester[地]德聂斯特河,72,73,268,392,407,436

Doab[地]多阿布,69,443,444

Dobrogea (Dobruja)[地]多布罗加,78

Dobun-mergen[人]朵奔蔑儿干,193

Dolonnor[地]多伦诺尔,上都府,见Shangtuho

Don[地]顿河,72,73,80,172,178,180,181,312,392,402,404,406,441,442,471,472,522

Donets[地]顿涅茨河,392,402

Dongkur Manjusri khutukhtu[人]惇果尔文殊师刊呼图克图,514

Donskoi, Dimitrii[人]德米特里·顿斯科伊,见Dimitrii Donskoi

Doquz-khatun[人]脱古思可敦,356,357,358,361,367

Dörben[族]朵儿边部,见Dörböt

Dörben Oirat[族]杜尔本·卫拉特,见Oirat

Dörben Qoriya (Wang)[族]“四圈”旗,郡王部,511

Dörböt (Dörben; Dörböd; Turbet)[族]杜尔伯特,194,206,207,208,213,503,520,523,525,527,537,538;参见Oirat

Drangiana[地]德兰吉亚那,31

Dristra (Durostorum; Silistra)[地]锡利斯特拉,xxiv,184

Drosakhe[地](希腊地理学家们的)酒泉,41

Dughlats (Duqlats)[族]杜格拉特人,344,412,422,425,453,459,463,491-495,497,498,499

Dukhtar-i-Noshirvan[地]杜克塔-依-奴细尔汪,51

Dülün-Boldaq[地]跌里温盘陀山,199

Dunapentele[地]杜纳彭特勒,176

Duqaq Timuryaligh[人]杜卡克·帖木耳雅里赫,148

Duqlats[族]杜格拉特人,见Dughlats

Dürbäljïn(square script)[文]都尔巴金字(方块字),298

Durbelji[族]杜尔伯斤,25,549注

Dungan[族]东干人,538

Dürlükin[族]都儿鲁斤部,194

Durostorum[地]锡利斯特拉,见Dristra

Dust Muhammad[人]笃思忒·马黑麻,461,463,493

Duwa[人]都哇,294,295,303,334,335-336,338,339,384,403

Duwa-Timur[人]笃来帖木儿,341

Dzasagtu-khan (khanate)[人]扎萨克图汗,512

Dzasagtu-khan (person)[人]扎萨格图汗,见Shara; Subati

Dzhambul[地]江布尔(塔拉斯城),见Talas (town)

Dzimsa[地]济木萨(别失八里)见Beshbaligh

Dzungar (Jungar)[族]准噶尔人(也名卡尔梅克人),501,512,520,525-539各处,541,630注,参见Kalmucks; Oirat

Dzungaria[地]准噶尔地区,82,89,102,114,479,521,524,536,537,538,542

Eastern Roman Empire[朝]东罗马帝国,拜占庭帝国,见Byzantine Empire

"East Iranian" language[文]东伊朗语,xxiii, 29,40,49,96

Ebejesu[人]伊伯杰苏,191

Ebi Nor[地]艾比湖,102,331,344,491

Ebuskun[人]也速伦,329

Ecbatana[地]埃克巴坦那(哈马丹),见Hamadan

Edeco[人]埃德科,78

Edessa[地]埃德沙,361

Edward I (of England)[人](英格兰的)爱德华一世,370,371,375,376

Edward II (of England)[人](英格兰的)爱德华二世,384

Egrigain[地]宁夏,见Ningsia

Egypt[朝]埃及王朝(参看马木路克朝),355,359,364,365,参见Mamelukes (dynasty)

Ekaterinburg[地]埃卡特林贝尔格,11,547注

Ekaterinoslav[地]埃卡特林罗斯拉夫,16

Ekaterinovka[地]埃卡特罗夫卡,548注

El[人]名,颉利,见Hie-li

Elbek[人]额勒伯克,503

Elephant,use in battle[专]战象,290,308,339,340,445,447,451,572注

Eleuthes[族]厄鲁特部,521

Elias, Ney[人]埃尼亚斯,423,497,500

Elizavetovskaya[地]伊里扎威托夫斯卡亚,13,15,16

Eljigidäi[人]野里知吉带,271,274

Eljigidäi[人]燕只吉带,341,348,349-350,586注

Ellac[人]埃拉卡,78

Elqutur[人]燕儿火脱,582注

Eltäbir (as title)[专]颉利发,565注

Elterish[人]颉跌利施(骨咄禄),见Qutlugh

Elya[人]也里牙,304

Emba[地]恩巴河,148,181,394,521

Emnedzar[人]恩勒德扎尔,78

Engels[地]恩格尔斯(波克罗夫斯克),见Pokrovsk

Enos[地]埃诺斯,184

Ephesus[地]以弗所,452

Ephtha (Ye-ta)[族]莚哒,67

Ephthalites (Hayathelites; Ye-tai; White Huns; Huna)[族]莚哒人(白匈奴人,厌带夷栗陀),65,67-72,80,82,172,173,193,217,417;参见Avars “Equius,”277

Eran[地]伊兰,71

Erbil[地]埃尔比勒,见Arbela

Ercis (Arjish)[地]阿尔吉斯,262

Erdeni[人]额尔德尼,见Irdana

Erdeni Dzu[地]额尔德尼昭寺庙,528

Eregli[地]埃雷利(参看赫拉克利庞蒂亚),见Heraclea Pontica

Erginul, Ergiuul[地]凉州(马可记法),见Liangchow

Eric (of Friuli)[人](弗留利大公)伊里克,175

Erinchin[人]额璘臣济农,517

Erkegüd[族]额尔克固特部,630注

Erke-khongor[人]额哲洪果尔,517

Erkene-qun[地]额儿古涅昆,193

Erke-qara[人]额尔客合剌,204,206,581注

Erküt[专]也里可温(近代写法),见Erqüt

Ermak[人]叶尔马克,489,490

Ermanarich[人]亥耳曼纳奇,73

Ermenak[地]埃尔梅内克山区,385

Ernac[人]埃尔纳克,78

Erqüt (Erküt)[专]也里可温的近代形式,602注

Erzerum[地]额尔哲鲁木城,263,430,449,450

Erzincan[地]埃尔津詹,261,263,281,382,430,449,450,462

Esen (Esen-taiji; Ye-hsien Taichi)[人]额森台吉,也先台吉,491,492,506,507,508,520

Esen-buqa (Esen-bugha)[人]也先不花,315,338-339,340,386

Esen-buqa II (Esen-bugha)[人]也先不花二世,460-461,480,492-493

Esen Temür (Yesen Temür; Essan-temur)[人]也先帖木儿,308

Eskisehir[地]埃斯基谢希尔,385

Essantemur[人]也先帖木儿,见Esen Temür

Essekü[人]额色库,504

Esztergom[地]埃斯泰尔戈姆城堡,见Gran

Eternal Heaven[宗]长生天,腾格里,见Tängri

Etsin Gol[地]额济纳河,36,212

Etzina[地](马可记哈拉霍屯城)额济纳,见Karakhoto

Eukratides[人]幼克拉蒂斯,29

Euphrates[地]幼发拉底河,295,361,365,371,385,446

Euphrosyne[人]欧菲柔细纳,400

Eurasia, Sea of[地]欧亚海,xxi

Eutychios[人]攸提开俄斯,84

Fadl Allah Rashid ad-Din Tabib[人]拉施特(法德尔·阿拉赫·拉施特),见Rashid ad-Din

Fakhr ad-Din Kert[人]法黑剌丁,380,385-386

Fancheng[地]凡城,287

Fang Kuo-chen[人]方国珍,323,324

Faraj[人]法赖吉,447

Fars[地]法尔斯,151,158,169,260,261,353,354,359,366,382,390,426,431,433,456,457,459,461

Fatimids[朝]法提玛王朝,154

Fedor (of Ryazan)[人](里亚赞的)费多尔,616注

Fedulovo[地]费杜罗沃,16

Fei-yang-ku[人]费扬古,530

Fenek[地]费内克,176

Fengsiang[地]凤翔,257

Fengyang[地]凤阳(钟离)见Chungli

Fengyüanfu[地]奉元府(长安),见Changan

Feodosiya[地]喀发,见Caffa

Fergana (Ta-yüan)[地]费尔干纳(大宛),xxii,8,28,29,36,40,43,48,116,117,142,144,234,344,423,426,438,463,464,482,486,488,492,494,496,497,498,554注

Fettich, Nandor[人]弗蒂奇·南朵尔(著有《战国》)67,176,“Fighting States,”见“Warring States”

Finance[专]财政,见Crimea, Genoese and Venetian bankers; Currency; Taxation

Finno-Ugrian Languages[文]芬兰-乌戈尔语,xxv

Finno-Ugrians[族]芬兰-乌戈尔种人,10-11,14,15,73,177,178

Firdausi[人]费尔多希,243

Five Hordes[族]五部落,56

Flor des estoires d'Orient[书]《海顿行纪》(参看海顿),见Hayton

Fokuru[地]富库鲁,8

Four Confederates[族]四同盟者,参看卫拉特,见Oirat

Four Garrisons[地]四镇(焉耆、喀什、于阗和库车),见Kara Shahr; Kashgar; Khotan; Kucha

“Four Tughri”[地]四塔沟里,551注,568注

Francesco da Podio[人]弗朗希斯科,319

Francis (of Alexandria)[人]弗朗希斯,342

Franks[族]法兰克人,56,60,62,173,174,175,178,359-360,364,371,449;参见Syria

Friuli[地]弗留利,174

Fu An (Chih Tao)[人]傅安(之道),353,459

Fu Chien[人]苻坚,59,300

Fuchow (Fugiu)[地]鄜州,232,287,305,308,311,518,603注

Fukien[地]福建,287,304,307,308,323,324,518

Fu-li(as title)[专]附离(称号),87

Fundukistan[地]法杜克斯坦,51

Funerary customs[专]葬礼,8,21,23,87,129,546注,591注

Fungchow[地]丰州,见Yülin

Fung Fung-shih[人]冯奉世,37

Fur trading[专]皮毛贸易,403

Fu-shö Sin[人]伏阇信,101

Fu-te[人]富德,542

Fu-ting[人]福定,603注

Gaikhatu[人]海合都,309,373,377,612注

Galatia[地]加拉底亚,157

Galdan[人]噶尔丹,525-531,540,541

Galdan Tsereng[人]葛尔丹策零,532,536-537,540,541

Galicia (Galich)[地]加利西亚(或加利奇),6,8,246,265,266,395

Galicia, Spanish[地](西班牙的)加利西亚,74

Galilee[地]加利利,364

Gandhara[地]犍陀罗,49,65,69,70,71

Gandharan art[文]犍陀罗艺术,48-49,64,70

Ganges[地]恒河,69,71,146,168,419

Ganja[地]刚加,151,263

Ganja-Karabakh[地]甘扎-卡拉巴克赫,5,545注

Gardizi[人]迦尔迪齐,177,185,549注

Garni[地]哈儿尼,见Karni

Gaul[地]高卢,63,74,76

Gaza[地]加沙,362,364

Gazaria[地]可萨尼亚,见Khazaria

Genoa[地]热那亚,374,375

Genoese:在希俄斯[族]热那亚人,452;在克里米亚,247,312,374,403-407,442,471;在特拉布松,374

George (1235-42)[人]阔儿吉思(乔治),见Körgüz

George (死于1298年)[人]阔里吉思,见Körgüz

George (son of 'Isä)[人]阔里吉思,304

Georgia (and Georgians)[地]格鲁吉亚,谷儿只,5,186,245,246,260,263,272,347,350,358,360,364,371,430,433,434,450

Georgios Tzoulos[人]乔治·佐勒斯,181

Gepidae[族]吉别达伊人,73,75,78,173

Ger (tents)[专]廓尔(帐篷),196

Gerard[人]格拉德,314

Geray[朝]格来王朝,见Girei

Gerbillon, Père[人]热比荣,631注

Geresandza (Geresandza Ochigin)[人]格森札斡惕赤斤,510,511

Germania[地]日耳曼尼亚,173,179

Germanic tribes[族]日耳曼部落,55,56,57,60,72-77,82,173,174,175;民族大迁徙,16,54

Gestes des Chiprois[专](提尔的)圣殿骑士,见Templar of Tyre

Getae[族]盖特人,548注

Ghajawan[地]加贾湾,484

Ghazan[人]合赞,309,373,376-383,396,613注

Ghazaniyeh[地]加赞尼耶,384

Ghaznavids,[朝]伽色尼王朝,xxvii, 143-147,149-150,159,167-168

Ghazni[地]加兹尼城,143,144,159,167-168,170,241,242,382,387,431

Ghiugiu[地]衢州,见Küchow

Ghiyath ad-Din (活跃于1174年)[人]吉雅斯·阿德丁,168

Ghiyath ad-Din (活跃于1224年)[人]嘉泰丁,260

Ghiyath ad-Din (活跃于1270年)[人]八剌,见Baraq

Ghiyath ad-Din Kert (活跃1307年)[人]嘉泰丁,386,387,389

Ghiyath ad-Din II Pir 'Ali[人]嘉泰丁二世皮儿·阿里,427

Ghor[地]古尔山区,167,168,352,382,427

Ghorids[朝]古尔王朝,167-168,236,339,352-353,574注

Ghurek (Ikhshedh Ghurek)[人]伊克谢德·胡拉克,116,117,118

Ghuta[地]姑塔,447

Ghuzz[族]古兹(参看乌古思),见Oghuz

Gilgit (Little Pulu)[族]吉尔吉特(小勃律),118,119

Gilotto[人]基罗托,342

Giorgi III Lasha[人]吉奥吉尔三世拉沙,245,260

Giorgi VI[人]乔治六世,434

Giovanni da Marignolli[人]约翰·马黎诺里,319,342,404

Giovanni da Montecorvino[人]约翰·孟德科维诺,302,313,314,317,318,319,605注

Girei (Geray)[朝]格来王朝,471,472,473,475,477

Girei, Hajji[人]哈吉·格来,见Hajji Girei

Girines[地]吉里勒斯,267

Gisolf, Buscarel de[人]布斯卡尔,见Buscarel de Gisolf

Gliadenovo[地]格里亚德罗夫,548注

Gobi Desert[地]戈壁滩,xxii,xxv,34,61,62,132,133,138,191,196,203,212,234,286,318,424,425,504,505,536;绿洲,参见Tarim

Godan[人]阔端,259,593注,595注

Godard, Madame[人]哥达德夫人,51

Göduk Ahmed-pasha[人]哥杜克阿赫麦德(帕夏),471

Goës, Benedict de[人]鄂本笃,见Benedict de Goës

Gokcha (Sevan),Lake[地]哥克察克湖(塞凡湖),348,430

Gold (people)[族]金人,515

Golden Horde (Altan-ordo; Altunordu)[朝]金帐,参看钦察汗国,395-407,419,420,436,440,441,452,469-471,479;参见Batu; Kipchak khanate

Görgüz[人]阔里吉思,见Körgüz

Gorki[地]下诺夫哥罗德(高尔基),见Nizhni Novgorod

Gorodcheskaya[地]哥罗切斯卡亚,558注

Gorodets[地]戈罗杰茨,470

Goshi[人]完颜希尹,见Wan-yen Wu-shih

“Gothia”[地]哥特人之地,406

Goths[族]哥特人(吉别达伊人,东哥特人,西哥特人),16,56,73;参见Gepidae; Ostrogoths; Visigoths

Gran (Strigonium; Esztergom)[地]格兰城堡,267

Grand Canal[地]大运河,309,310

Great Armenia[地]大亚美尼亚,263,430,433

Great Bulgaria[朝]大保加利亚国,176

Great Horde (Ulu-jüz)[朝]大帐(参看吉尔吉斯-哈萨克人),480,488,499,526,532,625注,参见Kirghiz-Kazakhs

Great Moravia[朝]大摩尔维亚,175,178

Great Pulu[朝]大勃律,见Baitistan

Great Wall (of China)[地]长城,xxiv,20,26,34,61,80,85,227,324,507,514,540

Great Yüeh-chih (Ta Yüeh-chih)[族]大月氏,29

Greco-Buddhist art[文]希腊-佛教艺术,48-49,50,52,96,99;参见Gandharan art

Greco-Roman art[文]希腊-罗马艺术,16,18,39,48

Greco-Scythian art[文]希腊-斯基泰艺术,8,13,15,18

Gregory X, Pope[人](教皇)格列高利十世,307,308-309,370,371

Gregory (of Tours)[人](图尔的)格里戈利,174,575注

Grenard, Fernand[人]格纳德,190,194,223,245,482

Griaznov, M. P.[人]格里亚兹诺夫(使团),18

Grillo, Antonio[人]安东尼奥·格利洛,404

Guichard (of Cremona)[人](克里莫纳的)吉查德,348

Guilds[专]商会,309-310

Guillaume da Prato[人]纪尧姆·波拉特,319

Guillaume de Hévésy[人]纪尧姆·赫威塞,见Hévésy, Guillaume de

Guillaume de Munte[人]纪尧姆·蒙特,451

Guinzai[地]杭州,见Hangchow

Guiwarguis, Mar[人]马·基瓦古斯,见Mar Guiwarguis

Gujarat[地]吉莱特,32,444,445

Gün Biliktü Mergen[人]衮必里克墨尔根,510,511

Gupta[朝]芨多王朝,69,70

Gurbesu[人]古儿别速,212,214

Gurgan[地]古尔甘,390,464

Gurganj[地]玉龙杰赤(乌尔根奇),见Urgench

Gurjara[族]瞿析罗人,72

Gur-khan (as title)[专]古儿罕,165,206,233

Gur-khan (person)[人]菊儿罕,192,199,206,578注

Gushi khan[人]顾实汗,523,524,526

Gushu(banner; administrative division)[专]旗,517,530

Guy (Guillaume)de Longjumeau[人]盖依,273,349

Güyük[人]贵由,217,264,265,267-273,329,347,348,349,350,352,581注,595注,596注

Gwalior[地]瓜廖尔,71,146

Haband[地]哈本德,608注

Hackin, J.[人]哈辛,41,50,51-52,96

Hadda[地]哈达,52,99

Hafiz (活跃于1329年)[人]哈菲兹,390

Haidarmirza[人]海达尔·米儿咱,穆罕默德·海达尔二世,见Muhammad Haidar II

Hailar[人]海剌儿,255

Hailung[地]海龙,519

Hajji Barlas[人]巴鲁剌思部哈吉,343,345,409,410

Hajji Girei[人]哈吉·格来,471

Hajji Muhammad[人]哈吉·穆罕默德,487

Hajji-tarkhan[地]哈只·塔儿塞(阿斯特拉罕),见Astrakhan

Hakozaki (Hakata)Bay[地]博多(筥崎)湾,289

Halachar[地]兴庆府,132

Ha-li[人]阿力,见'Ali (活跃于1473年)

Hallong-osso[地]贺垅·欧沙,25

Hallstatt culture[文]哈尔希塔特文化,6,10,11

Hama[地]哈马城,362,442

Hamadan (Ecbatana)[地]哈马丹,40,155,158,167,240,245,246,355,359,426,433,456

Hami (Camul)[地]哈蜜(伊吾),xxii,42,55,64,83,85,89,95,166,305,312,400,453,494,495-496,497,499,507,528,531,536,537;参见Yiwu

Han (river)[地]汉水,138,227,258,282,287

Han, early[朝]前汉(西汉),xxx,13,25,26,27,34-38

Han, late (A. D. 25)[朝]东汉,xxiii,39,41-48,54

Han, late (947)[朝]后汉,见Hou-Han

Han, Pei-[朝]北汉,见Pei-Han

Hančar, Franz[人]弗朗兹·汉卡,11

Hanchung (Nancheng)[地]汉中(南郑),58,258

Hanefites[宗]哈纳菲派(伊斯兰教派别),400

Hangchow (Campsay; Cansay; Guinzai; Khansa; Khanzai; Khingsai; Khinsa; Quinsai)[地]杭州,137,138,189,282,287,305,308,310,316,518,604注

Hankow[地]汉口,259,284,302

Hanoi[地]河内,284,290

Hanyang[地]汉阳,286,323

Han Yen-huei[人]汉延惠,129

Haran[地]哈兰,361

Harbin[地]哈尔滨,128,136,137,138,519

Hari Pushpa[人]诃黎布失毕,见Ho-li Pu-shih-pi

Harqasun[人]阿尔哈森,见Arghasun

Harun ar-Rashid[人]哈仑拉施特,181,241

Hasan 'Ali[人]哈散阿里,462

Hasan Brosh[人]哈森·布鲁希,356,360

hasan Buzurg (Hasan the Jelair)[人]大哈森·布朱儿(札剌儿部哈森),389,390

Hasan Küchük[人]小哈森·库楚克,389

Hasan-tigin[人]哈森特勤,159

Harsha[人](印度皇帝)戒日王,72

Ha-shen[人]罕慎,495-496

Hattin-sum[地]哈屯森,25

Hayathelites[族]莚哒人,见Ephthalites

Hayton (Hethum), Flor des estoires d'Orient[人]海顿,282,361,363,371,373,378

Hazrat Apak (Afak)[人]哈司剌·阿巴克(白山派首领),501,527,528

Hazrat Makhdumi Nura[人]哈司剌·马黑杜米·奴烈,500

Heaven[宗]长生天,腾格里,见Tängri

Hecatompylos (Shahrud)[地]赫卡托姆皮洛斯(和椟城),40

Hei-ssu[人]黑厮,304

Heliocles[人]赫利克勒斯,30

Hellenistic art[文]希腊艺术xxvi,12,18,25,39,48

Helmand[地]赫尔曼德河,428

Henry III (of Castile)[人]亨利三世,453

Henry I (of Cyprus)[人]亨利一世,271

Henry (of Silesia)[人]亨利,266

Heraclea Pontica (Eregli)[地]赫拉克利庞蒂亚(埃雷利),174

Heraclius[人]希拉克略,174,179

Herat[地]赫拉特,哈烈,也里,68,85,116,167,168,241,242,334,340,343,352,354,369,370,380,385,386,390,426,427,428,445,457,459,461,465,481-482,484,485,498

Herodian[人]赫洛店,84

Herodotus[人]希罗多德,8,9,10,21,23,392,545注-549注,552

Herrmann, Albert[人]赫尔曼·阿尔伯特,20,35,41,42,172,214

Herzfeld, E.[人]赫兹菲德,50

Hethum I[人]海屯一世,263,264,269,271,281-282,360,361,362,363

Hethum II[人]海屯二世,379,382

Hethum (monk)[人]海顿和尚,见Hayton

Heu Kiun-tsi[人]侯君集,98

Heves[地]赫淮什,8

Hévésy, Guillaume de[人]纪尧姆·赫威塞,xxv,576注

Hezarasp[地]赫扎拉斯普,159,488,521

Hie-li (El)[人]颉利,90,92

Hien[人]贤,43

Hierapolis[地]海俄拉城,见Menbij

Hieu-ch'u[族]休屠部,35

Himalayas[地]喜马拉雅,xxi

Hinchow[地]忻州,107

Hinduism[宗]印度教,315,417,443,445,446

Hindu Kush[地]兴都库什山,68,69,71,85,93,241,244,343,346

Hirado-shima[地]平卢岛,289

Hissar[地]喜萨尔,464,484

History of the Conqueror of the World[书]《世界征服者史》,见Juvaini

Hiu K'ang-tsung[人]许亢宗,134

Hizen[地]肥前省,289

Hochow (Hochwan)[地]合州(合川),284

Hochung (Puchow)[地]河中(浦州),137,233,257

Hochwan[地]合川(合州),见Hochow

Hojo Tokimune[人]北条时宗,289

Hokien (Cacianfu)[地]河间,130,132,137,229,230,308,604注

Ho K'iu-ping[人]霍去病,35

Ho Ko-tu-lu[人]合骨咄禄,见Alp Qutlugh

Ho-lien[族]赫连部,61

Holin[地]和林,见Karakorum

Ho-li Pu-shih-pi (Hari Pushpa)[人]诃黎布失毕,99-100,101

Ho-lo-ma[人]合剌,138,139

Ho-lu[人]贺鲁,102-103

Holwan[地]霍尔湾,169,355

Holy Land[宗]圣地,373-376;参见Crusades and crusaders; Jerusalem

Homs[地]霍姆斯,362,365,371,378,382,447

Honan[地]河南,4,57,58,59,61,65,137,138,227,232,255,257,258,259,283,517

Honoria[人]荷罗丽娅,76

Honorius IV, Pope[人](教皇)霍诺留斯四世,373,374

Hopei[地]河北,xxvi,3,19,25,54,57,58,59,60,65,106,108,127,128,129,131,136,137,138,164,229,230,232,284,325,507,519

Hormuz (Ormuz)[地]霍尔木兹,忽里模子,305,309,312,313,315

Horse[专]马手,xxvi,12,223,549注,554注,stirrup,8,176,546注;参见Archers, mounted

Ho-shang (Buddhist monks)[宗]和尚,602注

Ho-ti[人](东汉)和帝,42

Hotien[地]于阗,和田,见Khotan

Hou-Chao[朝]后赵,57-58

Hou-Chin[朝]后金,127,129-130

Hou-Ch'in[朝]后秦,59

Hou-Chou[朝]后周,130,131

Hou-Han[朝]后汉,130

Hou Han Shu[书]《后汉书》,30,31,32

Hou-Liang (4th-5th cent.)[朝]后梁(4-5世纪),60

Hou-Liang (10th cent.)[朝]后梁(10世纪),126

Hou-T'ang[朝]后唐,127

Hou-Yen[朝]后燕,59,60

Howorth, H. H.[人]豪沃思,439,440

Hoyin-irgen (forest hunters)[专]槐因·亦儿坚(林中人),195

Hsailaihsien[地]怀来县(妫州),见Kweichow

Hsia[朝]夏朝,61

Hsia, Hsi-[朝]西夏,见Hsi-Hsia

Hsiang-shan[人]香山,603注

Hsiao-shih[人]肖氏,131

Hsia Yüeh-chih[族]小月氏,28-29

Hsi-Ch'in[朝]西秦,60

Hsien[朝]速古泰国,见Sukhotai

Hsien-pi[族]鲜卑人,xxiv,xxviii,xxix,39,46,47,53-54,55,61,89,193,283,;参见Mu-jung; T'u-yü-huen

Hsien-sheng (Taoist monks)[宗]先生(道教和尚),602注

Hsien-yün[族] 狁(匈奴),见Hsiung-nu

Hsi-Hsia[朝]西夏,26,132,133,189,212,226-227,247,330

Hsi-Hsia script[文]西夏文,133

Hsiung-nu (Hsien-yün; Hsiun-yü),[族]匈奴人( 狁,荤粥),xxii,xxiv,xxviii,8,13,15,17-21,23-29,32,34-39,41-48,50,53-54,55,56,61,72,75,76,81,176,217,224,256,283,417,546注,553注-554注;参见Hou-Chao; Hu (tribe); Huns; Ts'ien-Chao

Hsi-Wei[朝]西魏,65,66,81

Hsi-Yen[朝]西燕,59

Hsüan-ti[人]汉宣帝,38

Hsüan-tsang[人]玄奘,70,85,93,94,95-96,98,99,100-101,116,315

Hsüan-tsung[人]唐玄宗,111,112,114,117,118,120,128,565注

Hsü Chou-huei[人]徐寿辉,323

Hsü Ta[人]徐达,325,502

Hu (queen)[人]胡太后,65

Hu (tribe)[族]胡人,19-20;参见Hsiung-nu

Huai-jen[人]怀仁可汗,见Qutlugh Bilgä

Huang Ch'ao[人]黄巢,126

Hu-ch'u-ch'uan[人]呼厨泉,56

Hudud Al-Alam[书]《世界境域志》,148,177

Huen-shih[族]浑邪部,35

Hu-han-ch'eng[地]忽汗城,515

Hu-han-ye[族]呼韩邪,37-38

Hui-tsung[人]宋徽宗,134,136-137

Hu-kie[族]呼揭,38

Hulägu (Hulaku)[人]旭烈兀,282,285,296,305,331,349,353-367,372,397-398,419,609注

Hulägu, house of[族]旭烈兀家族,311,327,333,334,339,386,387,396

Hulaku[人]旭烈兀,见Hulägu

Hulun Nor[地]呼伦诺尔,见Dalai Nor

Humayun[人]胡马云,484

Humi[地]护密(瓦罕),见Wakhan

Huna[族]参看莚哒,见Ephthalites; Huns

Hunan[地]湖南,284,287,323

Hungarian language[文]匈牙利语言,177

Hungarians[族]匈牙利人,马扎尔人,见Magyars

Hungary[地]匈牙利,xxiii,8,72,174,176,266-267,395,449

Hungchow[地]洪州(南昌),见Nanchang

Hung-wu (Chu Yüan-chang)[人]洪武帝(朱元璋),323-324,325,453

Huni (Kunni)[族]昆尼部,171,172;参见Uarkhonites

Hunni[族]参看匈人,见Huns

Hunnic art[文]匈奴艺术,12,13-14,17,18,19,24-26,37,50,176

Hunnugur (Viguri)[族]昆奴格尔,172

Huns (Huna; Hunni)[族]匈人,xxiii,xxvi,7-8,19,21,23-24,55,72-76,78-79,80,190,224;参见individual tribes

Huns, White[族]白匈奴(莚哒人)见Ephthalites

Hunting[专]狩猎部落,195,224,226

Hupeh[地]湖北,137,259,284,287,323

Hu-pi-lie[人]忽必烈,见Kublai

Hurka (Mutan)[地]忽尔卡河,515,516

Husain (活跃于1280年)[人]哈散,601注

Husain (活跃于1326年)[人]胡赛因,387

Husain (Mir Husain;活跃于1360年)[人]迷里忽辛,346,409,411-416

Husain-i Baiqara[人]速檀·忽辛·拜哈拉,243,417,464-465,481

Husain Jelair[人]胡赛因·札剌儿,390,429

Husain Kert[人]穆兹哀丁·胡赛因,见Mu'izz ad-Din Kert

Husain Sufi (活跃于1360年)[人]胡赛因·苏菲,421

Husain Sufi (活跃于1505年)[人]胡赛因·苏菲,481

Hu San-sheng[人]胡三省,570注

Hu-sha-hu[人]胡沙虎,197,230

Huvishka[人]胡韦斯迦,32

Hu-yen[族]呼衍,42,47,48

Hwai[地]淮河,58,59,64,65,137,138,139,227,308

Hwaian (Coigangiu)[地]淮安,308

Hwaining[地]会宁,138

Hwangchow[地]黄州,137,259,287

Hweichung[地]回中皇宫,34

Hyacinthus[人]雅琴夫,210

Iaci[地]押赤,见Yunnan (town)

Ianzu[地]扬州,见Yangchow

Ibak[人]伊巴克,471,489

Ibaqa-bäki[人]亦必合别吉,212,583注

Ibn al-Athir[人]伊本·艾西尔,186,245,262,573注,590注

Ibn 'Arabshah[人]伊本·阿拉不沙,431,435,442,448,451,470,623注

Ibn-Batuta[人]伊本·白图泰,311

Ibn-Fadhan, Risala[人]伊本·法德罕,181

Ibn Hajar Asqalani[人]伊本·哈扎尔·阿斯卡拉尼,442

Ibn-Khaldun[人]伊本·哈尔顿,447-448

Ibrahim (死于1156年)[人]易不拉欣,574注

Ibrahim (活跃于1468年)[人]易不拉欣,473

Ibrahim ibn-Inal[人]易不拉欣·伊本·伊纳尔,150,151

Ibrahim Ong (Wang)[人]亦不剌忻·王,508

Iconium[地]伊康,153

Idakou, Idaku[专]亦都护(称号),见Idiqu

Idigutschai[人]亦都护集乃,122,563注

Idiqu (Idakou; Idaku; Yedigei)[人]亦敌忽,440,442,470,622注

Idiqut (iduq-qut; as title)[专]亦都护,588注

Iduq-qut[专]亦都护,见Idiqut

Igor (活跃于944年)[人]伊戈尔,182

Ikhshedh Ghurek[人]伊克谢德·胡拉克,见Ghurek

Iki-ögüz[族]埃基·乌古思人,277

Ikirä[族]亦乞剌思部,194,207

Iki-shima[地]壹岐岛,289

Ilamish[地]伊拉米什草原,169

Ilanjouc[地]吉兰乞克河,见Jilanchik

Ilbars[人]伊勒巴斯,487

Ilbars II[人]伊勒巴斯二世,488

Ilbilgä[人]颉利毗伽可敦,103

Ildegiz[人]伊尔第吉兹,158

Ilduchi, Thomas[人]托马斯·伊尔杜奇,384

Ilek[地]伊列克河,394,478

Ilek Nasr[人]伊列克·纳斯尔(阿尔斯兰·伊列克·纳斯尔),见Arslan Ilek Nasr

Ilham[人]伊尔哈姆,473

Ili (Ailah)[地]伊犁河,xxiii,xxix,29,37,38,45,53,67,82,83,89,109,114,115,117,118,119,120,144,145,147,165,172,233,234,235,236,254,270,272,277,286,292,293,305,312,319,326,327,332,333,338,341,342,344,409-413,417,420,422,423,424,425,460,461,463,482,491,492,493,495,497,499,501,504,506,507,508,522,525,-529,531,532,537,538,542,626注

Ilibaligh[地]亦里八力,453

Il-khan (as title)[专]伊儿汗(称号),296

Ilkhe-Alyk[地]埃里克,25,549注

Ilqa[人]亦剌合(参看桑昆),见Sängün

Iltutmish[人]伊勒特迷失,260

Ilyas[人]伊牙思,452

Ilyas-khoja[人]也里牙思火者,346,410,411-412,422

Ilyas Ong[人]也里牙思王,508

Imeretia[地]埃麦利蒂亚,272,350

Imil[地]额敏河,叶密立河,xxiii,38,82,114,164,255,269,270,272,273,277,286,291,293,295,312,332,333,349,424,523,525,526,531,532,538

Inal (as title)[专]亦纳勒(称号),191

Inalchiq (Qadir-khan)[人]亦纳乞克(哈亦儿汗),238,589注

Inanch-bilgä[人]亦难赤必勒格,190-191,192,204,205,213

India[地]印度,32,49,69,70,71-72,80,146,168,241,242,260,311,315,339,340,341,417,419,420,434,443-446,484,498,499

Indian art[文]印度艺术,48,49,50,96;参见Buddhist art

Indian Ocean[地]印度洋,311

Indigirka[地]因迪吉尔卡河,xxv

Indochina[地]印度支那,284,289-290

Indo-European languages[文]印欧语,xxiii,28,40,96

Indo-European oases[地]印欧绿洲(塔里木盆地),见Tarim

Indo-Scythians[族]印度-塞人(贵霜人,月氏人),27,28,49;参见Kushan; Yüeh-chih

Indravarman IV[人]因陀罗诺曼四世,290

Indus[地]印度河,71,241,340,444

Inju (revenue)[专]引主(税收),253

Inkagir[族]伊卡基尔人,515

Innocent IV, Pope[人]教皇英诺森四世,217,270,348,349

Ioguristan[地]畏兀儿斯坦,见Uiguristan

Ionia[地]伊洛尼亚,452

Ionians (Yavana)[地](希腊人称)大宛(费尔干纳),554注

Ipsala[地]伊普萨拉,184

Iranjin[人]伊剌金,383

Irano-Buddhist art[文]伊朗-佛教艺术,51-52,96,97-98

Iraq 'Ajami[地]伊剌克·阿只迷,150,151,158,159,160,167,236,240,260,261,351,353,354,372,381,389,420,429,453,457,458,459,461,462

Iraq 'Arabi[地]伊剌克阿拉比,151,158,169,245,315,433,434,456,458,461

Irdana (Erdeni)[人]额尔德尼,488

Irene (wife of Constantine V),[人]伊拉尼皇后,179

Irgen (tribe)[专]亦儿坚(部落),579注

Irgiz[地]伊尔吉兹河,149,394,478

Iron age[专]铁器时代,6,11,17-18

Iron Gates[地]铁门,86,93,342,411

Irrawaddy[地]伊洛瓦底江,290,291,308

Irtysh[地]额尔齐斯,也儿的石河,61,109,119,148,185,215,244,254,268,292,478,489,490,504,523,524;参见Black Irtysh

Isa[人]伊萨,452

'Isä (Jesus; Ai-sie)[人]伊萨,304

Isfarain[地]亦思法拉因,428,485

Isfendiyar[人]伊斯芬迪亚,521

Isfendiyar-oglu[族]伊斯芬迪亚家族,452

Isfijab[地]伊斯法吉勃(赛拉姆城),见Sairam

Ishim-khan[人]伊斯姆汗,521,526

Ishkalcha[地]伊斯卡察(阿曼科赫堡),见Amankoh

Ishkapai[人]伊斯卡帕,8

Isho[人]伊索,见Yi-sho

Ishthakri[人]伊斯塔克里,182

Iskander (活跃于1400年)[人]米儿咱·伊斯堪答儿,见Mirza Iskander

Iskander (活跃于1429年)[人]昔干答儿,456,457,458,459

Iskander (1560-83)[人]伊斯坎德尔,485,486

Isker[朝]失必儿国,见Sibir

Islam[宗]伊斯兰教,114,115,118,120,121,142,145,180,220,235,243,244,281,297,300,312,328,330,344,359,360,361,379,383,396,397,405,416-417,443,445,446,453,522,527,628注;哈纳菲派,400;圣战,152,237,297,416,450,451-452;499;易司马仪派,353,354,367;Shafi'ites, 400;法典,416;十叶派,142-143,150,151,390,483,484;逊尼派,142-143,145,150,152,390,483,484

Islam Girei II[人]伊斯兰·格来,472

Isma'il (活跃于1272年)[人]伊斯迈尔,287

Isma'il (活跃于1510年)[人]伊斯迈尔,483

Isma'il (活跃于1678年)[人]伊斯迈尔汗(萨菲朝沙赫),500,501,527,528

Isma'il II (活跃于1540年)[人]伊斯迈尔(波斯沙赫),485

Isma'il ibn-Ahmed[人]伊斯迈尔·伊本·阿赫默德,142

Isma'ilis (Assassins)[宗]易司马仪教派,353,354,367

Ispahan[地]伊斯法罕,xxix,151,153,260,261,390,391,431,432,433,436,456,457,458,459,461,462

Isra'il[人]伊斯莱尔,149

Issedones[族]伊赛多涅斯人,10-11,547注

Issedon Scythica[地]伊塞顿·斯基卡,41

Issedon Serica[地]伊塞顿·塞里卡,41

Issyk Kul[地]伊塞克湖,xxiii,xxvi,83,87,93,95,102,114,115,119,120,133,145,148,149,159,164,165,189,233,236,254,272,273,312,326,340-344,422,425,460,491,494,499,532

Istämi (Shih-tie-mi; Sinjibu; Silzibul)[人]室点蜜,82,83,84,86

Itil (river)[地]伊提尔河(伏尔加河),见Volga

Itil (town; al-Baida; Sarigh-shin; Saqsin)[地]伊提尔城,180,577注

Ïtügän[地]於都斤山,见Ätügän

Ivailo (Lakhanas)[人]伊凡洛(拉汗纳斯),402

Ivan I[人]伊凡一世,404

Ivan III (the Great)[人]伊凡三世(大帝),395,470,471

Ivan IV (the Terrible)[人]伊凡四世(伊凡雷帝),475,489

Ivane[人]伊万涅,261,263

Izmir[地]士麦那,见Smyrna

Izmit (Nicomedia)[地]伊兹米特(尼科美底亚),184

Iznik[地]伊兹尼克(尼西亚),见Nicaea

Jacobites[宗]雅各派,357,361,368

Jaffa[地]贾法,360

Jagambu (Jaqambu)[人]札阿绀孛,204,205,206,212,581注

Jagan[人]札甘,541

Jagatai (Chagatai)[人]察合台,229,238,239,254-255,269,326,328,589注,592注,606注

Jagatai, house of[族]察合台家族,271,273,274,292-296,303,305,306,315,319,326-336,338-346,358,366,382,384,386,397,401,403,409-411,413,417,419,421,424,453,460,461;参见Mogholistan

Jaghun (army captain)[专]札温(百夫长),222

Jägün-ghar[专]左翼军,见Jegün-ghar

Jagiello[人]雅杰罗,441

Jahangir[人]只罕杰儿,421,423,456

Jahan Shah[人]只罕沙,459,461-462

Jahan Soz[人]贾汗·索兹,167-168

Jajirat (Juirat)[族]札只剌惕,194,201,207,213,215

Jalal ad-Din Manguberti (Mängüberti)[人]札兰丁·曼古伯惕,xxvii,237,241-242,259-261,262,347,418,590注

Jalan[人]扎兰,530

Jalish[地]察力失(喀拉沙尔),见Kara Shahr

Jäm[地]剑河,见Chäm

Jamahar (rattle)[专]象声词牟牟,377

Jamal ad-Din Mahmud[人]贾马阿丁·马合木,598注

Jamal Qarshi[人]贾马尔·喀什,332,334

Jaman Aq-köl[地]贾曼阿克库尔,439

James (of Florence)[人](佛罗伦萨的)詹姆斯,608注

James, Mar[人]马·詹姆斯,见Mar James

Jami[人]札米,465

Jami-ut-Tavarikh[书]《史集》,见Rashid ad-Din

Jammu[人]朱木拿大公,446

Jamuqa[人]札木合,201,202,203,206-207,209,212-216,584注

Jan[人]札尼伯,486

Jan 'Ali[人]杰·阿里,475

Janggin[专]章京,530

Janibeg (1340-57)[人]札尼别汗,389,400,405

Janibeg (活跃于约1460年)[人]札你贝,479-480

Janids[朝]札尼家族,见Astrakhanids

Janizaries[专]雅内萨里(近卫军),451

Jaochow[地]饶州,324

Jaqambu[人]札阿绀孛,见Jagambu

Japan[朝]日本,289

Japan, Sea of[地]日本海,516

Jarliq[专]札里雅黑,见Yarligh

Jasa[专]扎撒,见Yasaq

Jasak (prince)[专]宗王,517

Jasaq[专]扎撒,见Yasaq

Jasrat[人]贾斯腊特,444

Jaunpur[朝]札温普儿王国,444

Java[地]爪哇,291,311,315

Jaxartes[地]锡尔河,见Sy'r Darya

Jayagatu (jaya'atu)[专](蒙古语)天国在地上的代表或使者,585注

Jayan-buqa[人]者燕不花,603注

Jaylak (Djaylak; Alaka)[人]迪杰拉克,402

Jazira, Al[地]阿勒贾兹拉,361

Jazyges[族]贾兹基人,72

Jean de Carcassonne[人]让·德·卡尔卡松,273,349

Jean sans Peur[人]琼·桑·普尔,449

Jebe[人]者别(哲别),207,214,228,229,236,240,245-246,247,260,264,582注

Jegün-ghar (jägün-ghar; je'un-ghar; jun-ghar; segon-ghar;left or east wing)[专]左翼军,223,509,520,629注

Jehol (Wu-liang-ha)[地]热河,xxii,25,54,83,108,112,127,136,138,164,285,507,538

Jeje'er Undur[地]杰杰儿·乌都儿,212,583注

Jeku[人]术客,见Chaka

Jelairs[族]札剌儿部人,194,197,201,389-390,391,405,420,426,429,430

Jelme[人]者勒蔑,207,214

Jend,[地]真德(今波罗威斯附近),149,238

Jenghiz Khan (Temujin; Chinggiskhan)[人]成吉思汗(铁木真),xxiv,xxvi-xxvii,xxviii,20,78,169,170,186,193-194,195-196,199-244,247-252,259-260,301,320,328,394,414,417,419-420,516,539,580注,581注,586注,591注;之死,248;说明,199,249-250;法典,格言,221;军旗,210,216,217;死后土地分配,253-256

Jenkshi (Djenkshi)[人]靖克失汗,341

Jerome (of Florence)[人](佛罗伦萨的)捷罗姆,314

Jerqabchiqai[地]杰哈齐海峡谷,583注

Jerusalem[地]耶路撒冷城,302,303,360,361,368,369,374

Jesusabran, Mar,[人]马·耶酥沙布兰,见Mar Jesusabran

Je'un-ghar[专]左翼军,见Jegün-ghar

Jihun[地]古浑河,370

Jilanchik (Ilanjouc)[地]吉兰乞克河,439

Jinong (as title)[专]济农(称号),509

Jnanagupta[人]阇那崛多,562注

Jöchi[人]术赤,198,201,209,229,238,239,247,253-254,351,392,394,589注

Jöchi, house of[族]术赤家族,272,273,339,393,394,398;参见Kipchak khanate

John (of Brienne)[人]约翰王,245-246

John II (Comnenus)[人]约翰二世,185

John VI (Patriarch of Baghdad)[人]约翰六世,191

John VII (Palaeologus)[人]约翰七世,452

John XXII, Pope[人](教皇)约翰二十二世,404

Joinville, Jean de[人]约因维尔,252

Jordan (river)[地]约旦河,364

Jordanes[人]约丹尼斯,xxix,73,74,76,78

Joseph (活跃于948年)[人]约瑟,181

Juan-juan (Ju-juan; Kermikhions)[族]柔然,xxiv,xxix,60-64,66,67,80,81-82,171,172,173,176,193,216,217,231,417,575注;参见Avars

Juban[人]出班,见Chopan

Ju-chen[族]女真人,见Jurchid

Judaism[宗]犹太教,180-181,379

Juirat[族]札只剌惕部,见Jajirat

Ju-juan[族]参看柔然,见Juan-juan

Julien (of Sidon)[人](西顿的)儒连,364

Jumna[地]朱木那河,445

Jung, Pei-[族]北戎,见Pei-Jung

Jungar[族]准噶尔,见Dzungar

Jungdu[地]中都,见Peking

Jun-ghar[专]左翼军,见Jegün-ghar

Jungshiyabo[族]永谢布,见Kharachin

Juning[地]汝宁(蔡州),见Ts'aichow

Jurchedäi (Jurchedäi-noyan)[人]主儿扯歹,210,583注

Jurchid (Ju-chen; Jurche; Jurchen)[族]女真人,xxvi,xxviii,66,128,130,133,134,136-140,164,189,190,196,231,233,288,515-516;参见Kin

Jurchid script[文]女真文,516

Jurjan[人]朱尔赞,428

Jurkin (Jurki)[族]主儿乞部(主儿金部),202,204,581注

Justin II[人]查士丁尼二世,83-84

Justinian[人]查士丁尼,79,172,173

Justinian II[人]查士丁尼二世,177,179

Juvaini ('Ala ad-Din Juvaini),Ta'rikh-i Jahan-gusha (History of the Conqueror of the World)[人]志费尼《世界征服者史》,168,190,236,239,266,267,326,329,367,396,397,574注,589注,609注

Jüz[专]玉兹(帐)625注

Juzjani, Tabaqat-i-Nasiri[人]朱兹贾尼(《宗教保卫者一览表》),199,396,588注,589注

Kabadian (Mikoyanabad)[地]米高扬纳巴德,342

Kabaka[地]卡巴卡,626注

Kaba-matan (Mitan)[地]卡巴·马坦,411

Kabars[族]卡巴尔人,178

Kabil-shah[人]哈比勒·沙,见Kabul-shah

Käbtäül (käbtäwüt, käbtä'üt; army guards)[专]值夜班者,222

Kabul[地]喀布尔,32,50,68,69,70,71,80,119,143,241,340,346,409,411,412,414,426,456,457,483,484

Kabul-shah (Kabil-shah)[人]哈比勒·沙,411,416

Kadphises I[人]卡德菲斯一世,见Kujula (Kujolo)Kadphises

Kadphises II[人]卡德菲斯二世,见Vima Kadphises,32

Kaesong[地]开城,259

Kaichow[地]开州(澶州),见Shenchow

Kaifeng (P'ien; Taliang)[地]开封(汴),xxix,57,127,130,132,133,137,138,227,230,232,257,258,259,296,310,323,324

Kai-Kawus II[人]凯卡兀思,272,350,354,359,399-400

Kai-Khosrau[人]凯库思老,263

Kai-Khosrau III[人]凯库思老三世,370

Kai Kia-yun[人]盖嘉远,115

Kailu[地]开鲁(应昌),见Yingchang

Kai-Qobad II[人]凯库巴德二世,382

K'ai Yüan[人]海云,276

Kakheth[地]卡希什,434

Kakhetia[地]卡希底亚,356

Kakrak[地]卡克拉克,50-51

Kalgan[地]张家口,25,230,510,529,530

Kali[地]卡里,18

Kalka (Kalmius)[地]迦勒迦(卡尔米乌斯)河,246,247,407,436

Kalmucks[族]卡尔梅克人(卫拉特人),487,488,501,506,515,520-525,531;参见Dzungar; Oirat

Kaluga[地]卡卢加,73

Kama[地]卡马河,176,177,247,264,392,393,472

Kamala[人]甘麻剌,294,600注

Kamchatka[地]堪察加半岛,515

Kamennaya baba[地]卡曼纳雅·巴巴河(额尔齐斯河上游),556注

Kamil Muhammad, al-[人]卡米勒·穆罕默德,360-361

Kanchow (Campiciu; Kansan; Kutsang; in Kansu)[地]甘州(在甘肃境内),35,61,112,125,133,286,302,306,318,499

Kanchow (Kiangsi)[地]赣州(江西),见Kienchow

Kanda[地]坎塔(撒马尔罕),见Samarkand

Kandahar[地]坎大哈,31,32,69,143,340,429,456,457

Kandikh[人]坎迪赫,172

K'ang-hsi[人]康熙,xxx,518,519,529-533,536

Kanghwa[地]江华岛,259,289

K'ang-kiu[地]康居(索格底亚那),见Sogdiana

Kanishka[人]迦腻色迦,32

Kanjur[书]《甘珠尔经》,514

Kankhli[族]康里突厥人,165

Kansan[地]甘肃,见Kanchow (Kansu)

Kansu[地]甘肃,xxiii,3,4,27,28,32,35,37,44,47,48,53,54,59,60,66,112,118,125,128,133,189,226,247,251,283,286,294,302,303,312,321,369,496,499,505,510,527,538

Kan Ying[人]甘英,47

Kaochang[朝]高昌(吐鲁番),见Turfan

Kao Hing[人]高兴,291

Kao-kiu[族]高车,61,81;参见Töläch

Kaoliang[地]高粱河,131

Kao Sien-chih[人]高仙芝,115,119,120

Kao-ti[人]汉高帝(汉高祖),27

Kao-tsung (650-683)[人]唐高宗,102,103,106,107

Kao-tsung (12th cent.)[人]宋高宗,137,138

Kapal[地]卡帕尔城,272,277

Kapisa (Ki-pin)[朝]迦毕试国(罽宾),69,119

Karabakh[地]卡拉巴,见Arran

Karabalgasun[地]哈喇巴喇哈森,xxiv,114,121,122,124,128,256,568注

Karahisar[地]卡拉希沙尔,452

Karakhanids[朝]哈拉汗朝,133,144-149,152-153,159,164-166,168,169,235,237

Kara-Khitai[族]喀喇契丹,(黑契丹),xxix,159-160,164-169,186,189,204,215,233-236,326

Kara-khoja[地]哈拉火州(哈剌火州),见Turfan

Karakhoto (Yi-tsi-nai; Etzina)[地]哈拉霍托(古名亦集乃城),133

Kara-Kirghiz (Burut)[族]喀喇吉尔吉斯人,501,522,536

Karakol[地]克拉科尔,18,110,491

Karakorum (Holin)[地]哈拉和林(和林),xxiv,20,34,83,114,191,214,256,259,269,272,276,280,281,282,285,286,288,292,294,312,321,326,336,338,350,502,507,510,511,528,537,540,592注

Kara-Kum[地]卡拉库姆沙漠,xxii,107

Karaman (dynasty)[朝]卡拉曼朝,160,382,385,389,391,449,452

Karaman (place)[地]卡拉曼(拉兰达),见Laranda

Kara Muren[地]卡拉木仑河(黄河),见Yellow River

Kara Sengir Tughai[地]卡拉森吉尔角,481

Kara Shahr (Agni; Chalish; Cialis; Jalish; Yenki)[地]喀拉沙尔(焉耆·察力失),xxii,xxiii,28,40,41,43,45,46,48,52,59,61,62,95,98-99,103,107,114-115,125,144,233,420,424,491,493,497,498,563注

Karashahri language[文]焉耆语,28,40,96

Kara-Su[地]卡拉苏河,376

Karasuk[文]卡拉苏克文化,5

Kara-Tal (Qaratal)[地]哈拉塔尔,425,436,491,621注,625注

Kara-Tau[地]卡拉套山,393

Kara-Turgai (Ataqaroghai; Anacargou)[地]卡拉图尔盖河(阿塔合儿灰,阿纳哈儿浑),439

Kara-yus (Pisannaya gora)[地]卡拉攸斯(皮沙那亚戈拉谷地),556注

Karbala[地]卡尔巴拉,433

Karchin[族]喀喇沁部,见Kharachin

Karlgren[人]卡尔格林,24-25

Karni (Garni)[地]哈儿尼260

Kars[地]卡尔斯,263,281,430

Karshi (Qarshi)[地]卡尔施城,341,342,345,412,438,457

Kartlia[人]卡特利亚,272,350

Karun[地]哈尼,240

Kashan[地]卡尚城,305

Kashgar (Shufu; Cascar)[地]喀什城(疏附),xxii,xxiii,xxv,28,29,40,41,43,44,45,50,52,95,96,100-101,103,107,114-115,133,145,147,164,165,235,303,306,312,327,344,422,425,426,460,461,463,485,491-495,498,500,501,527,528,532,540,541,542

Kashgari (person)[人]喀什噶里,185

Kashgaria (Alti-shahr)[地]喀什噶尔,xxv,8,43,46,48,133,142,144-145,147,148,149,159,164,165,189,233,235,236,255,277,292,293,303,326,338,344,368,422,425,448,485,491,494,497,499,500,501,527,528,537,538,541,542

Käshik (guard)[专]怯薜(护卫军),213,222

Kashmir[地]克什米尔,71,118,119,446,498,499

Kasimov[地]卡西莫夫城,472

Kasinskoye[地]卡西斯科耶,16

Kastamonu[地]卡斯塔莫努,449,452

Katanda[地]卡坦塔,18,19

Kath[地]柯提,421,487,521

Kavadh[人]喀瓦德,68

Kaveripatnam[地]加韦里伯德讷姆,311

Kayal[地]卡亚尔,见Cail

Kayseri[地]开塞利,263,281,370,389,391,449,451

Kazakhs[族]哈萨克人(吉尔吉斯-哈萨克人)见Kirghiz-Kazakhs

Kazakhstan[地]哈萨克斯坦,5,393

Kazan (person)[人]哈赞,342

Kazan (place)[地]喀山,13,73,176,405,441,470,471,472,473,475

Kazerun[地]卡泽伦,366

Kazvin[地]可疾云(加兹温),142,240,245,312,372,458

Kazyr[地]克孜尔河,558注

Kebek[人]怯别,295,338,339-340,341,386

Kebek II[人]怯别二世,463,493

Kebeki (coins)[专]怯别币,341

Kediri (Daha)[地]谏义里,291

Kedrala[地]卡德拉拉,549注

Ke'er-un irgen (steppe herdsmen)[专]草原游牧民,195

Kelat[地]克拉特,428

Kelermes[地]克勒尔姆斯,4,11-12,15

Kemal Atatürk, Mustafa[人]穆斯塔法·克马尔·阿塔特克,164

Keng K'uei[人]耿夔,46,47

Keng Kung[人]耿恭,44

Keng Ping[人]耿秉,42,46

Kentei (Burqan Qaldun)[地]不儿罕合勒敦山(肯特山),189,199,200,219,248

Kerayit[族]克烈部,xxiv,xxv,191-192,199,200,203-213,216,217,220,227,300,417,578注

Kerch[地]刻赤(潘蒂卡派),15,52,85,173,405,549注,554注;参见Panticapaeum

Kergüd[族]乞儿古斯部,503

Keriya (Pem)[地]克里亚,306

Kerman (Cherman; Kirman)[地]起儿漫,151,152,153,260,261,269,305,309,353,382,390,431,432,433,459,461,462

Kermanshah[地]克尔曼沙赫,355

Kermian[地]克米安,449,451,452

Kermikhions[族]柔然,见Juan-Juan

Kerts[族]克尔特人,339,343,352-353,380,385-386,390,426-428

Kerulen[地]克鲁伦河,怯绿连河,xxii,xxiii,20,109,110,192,193,200,212,248,255,273,274,321,502,504,510,512,529,530,536,539,540

Kesh (Shahr-i Sebz)[地]渴石(沙赫里夏勃兹),343,345,346,409-414

Keszthely[地]凯斯特海伊,176

Khagan (qân; qaan; as title)[专]合罕(称号),61,216,217,221,560注,585注

Khaganos (sovereign)[专]可汗罗斯(称号),577注

Khailar[地]海拉尔,3

Khairkhana[地]海尔哈纳,51

Khaishan[人]海山,294,299,321,338

“Khaladjin-alt”[地]合兰真沙陀,210

“Khala-goun-ola”[地]哈拉-果翁-俄拉,210

Khalil[人]哈里勒,456,457

Khalka (people)[族]喀尔喀人,66,509,510,512,513,514,521,523,525,628,529,530,531,536,537,538,629注

Khalka (river)[地]合勒卡河,210,510

Khamdo[地]喀木,523

Khan (as title)[专]汗,可汗(称号),61,216,560注

Khanbaligh (Khan-baligh; qanbaliq)[地]汗八里(长安,北京),599注;参见Changan; Peking

Khangai[地]杭爱山(参看於都斤山),20,102,189,214,294,321,335,479,512,537;参见Otükän

Khanka[地]汗卡要塞,488

Khansa[地]参看杭州,见Hangchow

Khanzade[人]罕匝答,421

Khanzai[地]杭州,见Hangchow

Kharachin (Jungshiyabo; Karchin)[族]喀喇沁(永谢布人),509,517,629注

Khara Kula[人]哈剌忽剌,523,526

Khara Usu, Lake[地]哈拉乌兹湖,214

Khavalynsk[文]哈瓦伦斯克文化群,6

Khazaria (Gazaria)[地]可萨里亚,180,314,401,403

Khazar language[文]可萨文,557注

Khazars[族]可萨人,哈扎尔人,xxiv,xxviii,176,178-182,396,577注

Kherson[地]刻松城,73

Khewra[地]库腊,71

Khidr-shah[人]希德尔沙,452

Khilat[地]起剌特,261,263

Khilok[地]希洛克河,194,551注

Khingan[地]兴安岭,xxii,xxvi,39,53,54,55,86,192,194,208,210,505,517

Khingsai, Khinsa[地]杭州,见Hangchow

Khionites[族]希奥尼特人,68

Khitan (Khitai; Kitat)[族]契丹人,xxiv,xxviii,66,83,88,106,108,112,125,127-134,136,146,148,164-165,186,190,196,220,228,231,233,250,251-252,283,306,516;参见Kara-Khitai

Khitan language[文]契丹语,193

Khitan script[文]契丹文,133-134,570注

Khiva[地]希瓦(花剌子模),见Khwarizm

Khizr khan[人]希兹尔汗,446

Khizr-khoja[人]黑的儿火者,422,424,425

Khmer (Cambodia)[地]高棉,290,291

Khocho[朝]高昌,见Turfan

Khodzhent[地]忽毡,117,165,166,238,332,338,345,410,411,419,423,438,482,497

Khoi[地]忽伊,359

Khoit[族]辉特部,520,525,527,537,538,539;参见Dzungar

Khojas[专]和卓,500-501,527-528,540,541,628注

Khojo Jan (Little Khojo)[人]霍占集,541-542

Khokars[族]科卡尔,444

Khondemir[人]宽德密尔,465

Khongtaiji (prince imperial)[专]洪台吉(王子称号),630注

Khorchin (Qorchin)[族]科尔沁人,505,509,516-517,529,629注

Khortitsa[地]霍蒂萨,246

Khoshot[族]和硕特部,487,503,510,520,523-527,532,537,538,540;参见Oirat

Khosrau Firuz ar-Rahim[人]库思老·卑路支·拉希姆,150-151

Khotan (Cotan; Hotien; Yotkan)[地]于阗(和田,约特干),xxii,40,41,43,45,48,52,54,95,96,101,103,107,114-115,147,165,235,303,306,312,327,332,424,426,491,494,497,500,533,541

Khshevan (as title)[专](粟特语称号)王,68

Khudaidad[人]忽歹答,422,425,459-460

Khulm[地]胡勒姆,412

Khurasan[地]呼罗珊,68,87,116,142,143,144,146,147,149,150,153,155,159,160,166-167,236,240,260,261,305,309,334,340,345,351,352,353,368,369,372,373,376,381,386,387,390,410,413,415,417,427,428,456,459,461,463,464,481-485,492

Khutuktai Sechen Khongtaiji[人]库图克图彻辰洪台吉,510-514

Khu Urluk[人]和鄂尔勒克,521-522,523

Khuzistan[地]胡齐斯坦,169

Khvalinsk[地]克瓦林斯克,5

Khwarizm (Khiva)[地]花剌子模(希瓦),xxviii,9,116,150,158,159,160,166-170,189,233,234,236-242,247,254,260,261,301,330,332,335,351,354,355,392,397,420-421,426,479,481,487-488,521

Kialing[地]嘉陵江(四川),258,284

Kian[地]长江,见Yangtze

K'iang[族]羌人,28-29,47,48

Kiangchow (Kiukiang)[地]江州(九江),137,323

Kiangsi[地]江西,137

Kiangsu[地]江苏,58,138,287,302

Kichow[地]冀州(大名),见Taming

Kidara (Ki-to-lo)[人]基达拉(寄多罗),68,69

Kidarites[朝]基达里王朝,68,69

Kien[人]贤,43

Kienchow (Kanchow)[地]虔州(赣州),137

Kienkang[地]建康(南京),见Nanking

K'ien-k'u[族]坚昆人,38

Kienning[地]南京,见Nanking

Kienshih[地]监氏城,30

Kiev[地]基辅,乞瓦,10,73,181,182,224,246,265,270,271,395,436

Kigi[地]基伊,462

Ki-kou-kuan[地]岐沟关,132

Kikow[地]歧沟,570注

Kile[族]基列人,515

Kimäks[族]基马克人,148,185

Kin (Alchun; Chin)[族]金(参看完颜部),136-140,164,170,189,190,191,192-193,197,198,203,204,226-233,257-259,283,301,516;参见Wan-yen

King (river)[地]泾河,90

Kingchaofu[地]京兆府(长安),见Changan

Kingchow[地]荆州,122

Kin-ling-fu[地]金陵府(南京),见Nanking

Kinshan[地]金山岛,67,139

Kin-tsung[人]钦宗,136-137

K'iou Ch'ang-ch'uen (K'iou Ch'u-ki)[人]邱长春(邱处机),244,249,255,590注

Kipchak khanate (Golden Horde; White Horde)[朝]钦察汗国(金帐汗国,白帐),186,246,264,268-276,281,282,292,304-305,312,314,319,332,335,342,350,358,365-366,368,376,387,389,393-408,419,420,421,426,430,432,435-443,591注;参见Golden Horde; White Horde

Kipchaks (Cumans; Komanoi; Kun; Polovtsy; Qoun; Qumani)[族]钦察人,xxiv,xxviii,148,184,185-186,246,264,392,395,396

Ki-pin[朝]罽宾(迦毕试国)见Kapisa

Kirakos (of Ganja)[人](刚加的)基拉罗斯,282,342,356,357,360,363,367,396

Kirghiz (people)[族]黠戛斯,乞儿吉思,吉尔吉斯人,xxiv,19,106,109,124,125,128,148,196,205,216,418,473,478,483,485,549注,625注,参见Kara-Kirghiz; Kergüd

Kirghiz (Alexander; mountains)[地]吉尔吉斯山,xxiii,154,155,161,191,237,244

Kirghiz-Kazakhs (Qazaqs)[族]吉尔吉斯-哈萨克人,148,478,480,481,485,488-489,495,499,500,508,521,522,526,531,532,538,625注

Kirgis Nor[地]吉儿吉思湖,512

Kirin[地]吉林省,255,269

Kirki (Chufut-Kale)[地]基尔基,402

Kirman[地]起儿漫,见Kerman

Kishi-jüz[族]小帐,见Little Horde

Kishiliq[人]乞失力,210

Kishmain[人]乞失麦,330,606注

Kiskörös[地]小克勒什,176

Kitat[族]契丹,见Khitan

Kitbuqa[人]怯的不花,355,356,361-365

Ki-to-lo[人]寄多罗(基达拉),见Kidara

K'iu[族]麹氏,98

Kiuchüan[地]酒泉,28

Kiukiang[地]九江(江州),见Kiangchow

K'iu-li[地]渠犁,37

Kiu-ma[地]拒马河,132,570注

Kiun-ch'en[人]军臣单于,34

K'iu Pai-ya[人]麹伯雅,89,98

Kiu-pi-shö[族]车鼻施,119

Kiu-shih[地]车师(别失八里,吐鲁番),见Beshbaligh; Turfan

K'iu-tsu[地]龟兹,见Kucha

K'iu Wen-t'ai[人]麹文泰,98

Kiu-yen[地]居延,36

Kiu-yung-kuan (Nankow)Pass[地]居庸关(南口),106,507

Kiyat[族]乞颜氏族,193,194,198,201

Kizil[地]克孜尔,50,51-52,96,97-98,101

Kizil Irmak[地]克孜尔·伊尔马克,350

Kizilkaya (Qyzyl-qaya)[地]克孜勒卡亚,549注

Knights of Rhodes[专]罗德的骑士们,451

Koban[地]科本,5,11

Kobdo[地]科布多,61,92,113,190,205,214,479,508,510,512,513,520,521,525,526,527,536,537,538,540

Köbegün (princes)[专]王子,221

Koblevo[地]科布勒沃,6

Kobluk[人]古卜鲁克,见Kuilek

Kochkar[地]库什卡尔,423,561注

Köchkünji[人]速云赤,484,485

Ködä'ä-aral (Kötö'ü-aral)[地]阔帖兀阿兰,274

Kögmän[地]曲漫山,见Tannu-Ola

Koh-i-Baba[地]霍伊巴巴,465

Koirijak[人]科利贾克,469,622注

Kökächin (Cocachin)[人]阔阔真,308,309

Kokand[地]浩罕,482,486,488-489,496

Kök-böri[专]灰狼,544注

Kökchü (Täb-tängri)[人]阔阔出,195,217-218,219,585注,591注

Köke-khoto[地]库库河屯,见Kuku Hoto

Kökö däbtär (“blue books”;registers)[专]青册,220

Koko Nor[地]青海湖,47,65,89,118,509,513,523,524,525,526,532,540

Kökö Temür[人]扩廓帖木儿,324-325

Köksegu (Kökse'u)Sabraq[人]可苦速,205

Kökshün Orkhon[地]鄂尔浑河的科克沁,112

Kollam[地]奎隆,见Quilon

Ko-lo[人]葛勒,默延啜,见Mo-yen-cho

Kölö, Lake[地]曲烈湖,206

Kolomna[地]科罗姆纳,265

Kolyma[地]科雷马河,xxv

Komanoi[族]钦察人,见Kipchaks

Kona Shahr[地]科纳·沙尔,493

Konchaka[人]科恩恰哈,617注

Kondurcha[地]昆都尔察河,440

Kondurchinsk[地]孔杜尔恰斯克,440

König, F. W.[人]F·W·库利格,11

Konya (Lycaonia)[地]科尼亚(利考尼亚)xxix,155,157,261,263,272,281,382,385,387,389,452,573注

Korea[朝]朝鲜,高丽,128,133,259,289,515,599注

Körgüz (约死于1244年)[人]阔儿吉思,269

Körgüz (George; 1235-42)[人]阔儿吉思(乔治),351-352

Körgüz (Görgüz; George; d. 1298)[人]阔里吉思,294,301-302,306,314,318,335

Koshang[地]科尚(看托克托),见Toqto

Kosho-Tsaidam[地]和硕·柴达木,85-86,87,92-93,101,103,106,108-109,110,112-113,192,566注,578注

Ko Shu-han[人]哥舒翰,118

Kosogol, Lake[地]库苏泊,124,479,503

Kosovo[地]科索沃,449

Kostromskaya[地]科斯特罗马斯卡雅,12,13,15

Ko-tjong[人]王焢,259,288,599注

Kotor (Cattaro)[地]科托尔,267

Kötö'ü-aral[地]阔帖兀阿兰,见Ködä'ä-aral

Köyitän[人]阔亦田,207,582注

Közädagh[地]柯塞山,263

Kozel[地]科泽尔,546注

Kozlov, P. K.[人]科兹洛夫,25,39,133

Krasnoyarsk[地]克拉斯诺亚尔斯克,5,14

Krikor (Gregory)[人]克利科尔,358

Krum[人]克鲁姆,177

Kuang[地]两广,324

Kuangku[地]广固,557注

Kuang-tö[地]广德,43

Kuang Wu-ti[人]光武帝,39

Kubak-sari[地]和布克赛尔,526

Kuban[地]库班,4,10,11,12,15,16,72,73,74,176,180,182,392,442,472,503,522

Kublai (Hu-pi-lie; Qubilai; Qubilay; Qublay)[人]忽必烈,xxiii,xxviii,xxx,59,63,214,272,274,275,282-300,304,305,307,308-309,311,320,321,331,332,333,336,363,371-373,374,396,397,401,419,456,502,512,514,598注

Kublai, house of[族]忽必烈家族(看元朝),见Yüan

Kucha (K'iu-tsu; Kuche; Kuchi)[地]库车,xxii,xxiii,28,40,41,43-49,52,54,59,62,95-100,103,107,114-115,117,119,125,144,164,173,189,212,233,312,326,329,340,344,426,460,491,492,497,498,506,542,555注,556注

Kuchean language ("Tokharian" A and B)[语]库车语(吐火罗语A和B),xxiii,28,40,49,96,97,124,125,562注

Kucheng[地]古城(看别失八里),见Beshbaligh

Küchlüg[人]屈出律,190,215,233,234,235-236,330,584注

Küchow (Ghiugiu)[地]衢州,308

Kuchu[人]阔出,259,268

Kuchuk Muhammad[人]库楚克·马哈麻汗,470,472

Kuchum[人]库程汗,489,490

Kudang[人]库登汗,510

Kuei-shuang[族]贵霜人,见Kushans

Kuibyshev[地]古比雪夫(萨马拉),见Samara

Kuilek (Kobluk)[人]古卜鲁克,403

Kujula (Kujulo)Kadphises (Kadphises I; Ch'iu-chiu-ch'ueh)[人]卡德菲斯一世(邱就却),32,45-46,561注

Kuku Hoto (Köke-Khoto)[地]库库河屯(呼和浩特,归化城绥远城),35,136,510,514,529;参见Kweihwacheng; Suiyuan (town)

Kül-Bulat[人]库尔布鲁特,609注

Kuldja[地]固尔扎,234,235,282,292,312,319,326,424,528,531,533,538,539,540,541

Kule[地]库莱,184,

Ku-li (as title)[专]谷蠡王(称号),20

Kulikovo[地]库里科沃,405-406,407

Ku-ki P'ei-lo[人]骨力裴罗,见Qutlugh Bilgä

Kul Oba[地]库尔·奥巴,7,13,15

Kul-tegin[人]阙特勤,85-86,108-112,116

Kuma[地]库马,392

Kumaragupta[人]鸠摩罗芨多,69

Kumarajiva[人]鸠摩罗什,49-50,59

Kumiss (qumiz)[专]忽迷思(马奶酒),219,276,568注,587注

Kumo[地]阿克苏城(姑墨),见Aksu (town and province)

Kumtura[地]库姆吐拉,52,96,97,98

Kun[族]看钦察人,见Kipchaks

Kün-buqa[人]孔不花,259,301,302,303,599注

Künchow (Yüchow)[地]钧州(今禹州),258

Kundelung Ubasha[人]昆都仑乌巴什,487-488,523

Kundjuk[人]宽阇,见Kunjuk

Kunduz[地]昆都士,82-83,85,93,116,117,119,143,342,346,409,411,412,414

Kunduzcha[地]孔杜尔恰,440

Kungas (Kungkas)[人]孔加士,68

Kungchang (Lungsi)[地]关中(陇西),283

Kungei[地]昆格山,500

Kunges[地]空格斯,424,491

Kungkas[人]孔加士,见Kungas

Kung-ti[人]恭帝(宋),286

Kungyueh[地]弓月城,564注

Kunjuk (Kundjuk)[人]宽阇,338

Kunlun[地]昆仑山,533

Kunni[族]昆尼,见Huni

Kün tängridä ulugh bulmysh kütshlug bilgä ch'ung-tö[人]登啰羽録没蜜施句主毗伽可汗,122

Kuo Hiao-k'o[人]郭孝恪,95,99,100

K'uo-li-ki-ssu (George; name)[人]阔里吉思(乔治),301

K'uo-li-ki-ssu (George; person)[人](镇海之子)乔治,593注

Kuo-shih (as title)[专]国师(称号),298

Kupehkow[地]古北口,129

Kura[地]库拉河,261,347,369,398,399,430,437,462

Kurdistan[地]库尔德斯坦,263,361,430,433

Kurds[族]库尔德人,379,383

Kurdzhips[地]库尔德泽普斯,16

Kuriyen (circles)[专]古列延,196

Kusala[人]和世焺,321

Kushans (Kuei-shuang)[族]贵霜人,32,45-46,68-69

Kusmehan[地]库什麦罕,68

Kustanai[地]库斯坦赖,439

Kutahya[地]屈塔希亚,451,452

Kutaisi[地]库塔伊思,263

Kutan[人]忽滩,246,264

Ku-to-lu Pei-kia k'iu[人]骨咄禄毗伽阙可汗,见Qutlugh Bilgä

Kutrigurs[族]库特利格尔人,79,80,172,174,176

Kutsang[地]姑藏(甘州),见Kanchow (Kansu)

Ku-tu (as title)[专]骨都侯(称号),21

Kuvrat[人]库弗拉特,175,176

Kwachow[地]瓜州,35

Kwangping[地]广平,325

Kwangsi[地]广西,284,287,518

Kwangtung[地]广东,287

Kwantao[地]馆陶,325

Kwei[人]桂王,518

Kweichow (Hsailaihsien)[地]妫州(怀来县),106

Kweihwacheng[地]归化城,25,106,301,306,510,530,参见Kuku Hoto; Toqto

Kweilin[地]桂林,284,287,518

Kweiteh[地]归德,258

Kweitung[地]水洞沟,3

Kyakhta[地]恰克图,25

Kyozwa[人]莏苴,291

Kyushu[地]九州,289

Kyzyl-Kum[地]克齐尔库姆沙漠,xxii

Kyzyl-Su,[地]克孜尔河,41

Kzyl-Orda[地]克孜勒奥尔达(看波罗威斯克),见Perovsk

Ladakh[地]拉达克山,497,499

Ladislas (活跃于1287年)[人]拉迪斯拉斯,401

Lahore[地]拉合尔,168,339,443

Laikhor-khan[人]赉瑚尔汗,512

Lajazzo (Latakiap; Layas; Ayas)[地]剌牙思,305,312,313,370

Lakhanas[人]伊凡洛(拉汗纳斯),见Ivailo

Lakiashih (Aru-rarja)[地]拉加寺地区,525

Lalegir[族]拉列基尔人,515

Lamaism[宗]喇嘛教,220,298,299,319,323,383,513-515,523,564注,628注;红教,513,523;黄教,513,514,523,524,526,532,533,536,540

Lamut[族]拉穆特人,515

Lanchi[地](浙江)兰溪,308

Lanchow (Yüan-ch'uan)[地]兰州(苑川),35,60,107

Langson[地]谅山,290

Lao-shang[人]老上单于,21,27,28

Lao-tse[人]老子,见Taoism

Laranda (Karaman)[地]拉兰达(今卡拉曼),391,452

Lasha, David[人]大卫·拉沙,见David Lasha

Lasha, Giorgi III[人]吉奥吉尔三世拉沙,见Giorgi III Lasha

Latakia[地]剌牙思,见Lajazzo

Latsang khan[人]拉藏汗,524,532-533

Laurence (of Ancona)[人]劳伦斯,342

Law codes[专]法典,见Shari'a; Yasaq

Layas[地]剌牙思,见Lajazzo

Lazica[地]拉齐卡,84

Le Coq, A. A. von[人]勒柯,96,97,122

Legdan (Lingdan)[人]林丹汗,510,514,517

Legnica[地]里格尼兹,见Liegnitz

Lelvar[文]勒尔瓦尔文化,5,545注

Lena (river)[地]勒拿河,xxv,515

Leo, St. (Leo the Great)[人]圣利奥,76

Leo III (of Cilicia)[人](西里西亚的)利奥三世,371

Leo IV (the Khazar; Byzantine emperor)[人](拜占庭皇帝)利奥四世,179

Leo VI (Byzantine emperor)[人](拜占庭皇帝)利奥六世,178,180

Levedia[地]列维底亚,177,178,182

Levedian culture[专]列维底亚文化,67,549注

Levunion, Mount[地]列瓦尼恩山,184

Lezghians (Lezginy)[族]列兹基人,246

Lhasa[地]拉萨(布达拉宫),523,526-527,532,533,540;Potala,524,533

Li An-ch'uan[人]李安全,226,227

Liang[朝]梁,59,64

Liang, Hou-[朝]后梁,见Hou-Liang

Liangchow (Erginul; Ergiuul)[地]凉州,35,54,112,306

Liang K'in[人]梁慬,47

Liang Shu[书]《梁书》,68

Liao (dynasty)[朝]辽代(契丹),见Khitan

Liao (river)[地]辽河,39,54,61,83,127,128,164,196,228,293

Liaosi[地]辽西,53-54,57,88,108,112,230

Liaotung[地]辽东,39,53,57,58,128,250,507,510

Liaoyang[地]辽阳,131,136,138,139,227,228,229,516

Li Chih-ch'ang[人]李志常,249,275-276,590注

Liegnitz (Legnica)[地]里格尼兹,266

Li Ki-lung[人]李继隆,132-133

Li Ki-ts'ien[人]李继迁(赵保机),见Chao Pao-Ki

Li K'o-yung[人]李克用,126-127

Li Kuang-li[人]李广利,36

Li Ling[人]李陵,36

Linchow[地]灵州,568注

Lingchow (Lingwu)[地]灵州(灵武),108,126,132,226,247,568注

Lingdan[人]林丹汗,见Legdan

Lingkiu[地]灵丘,107,108,

Lingwu[地]灵武(灵州),见Lingchow

Linhwang[地]临潢,130,136

Lintao[地]临洮,517注

Li-pien-a-ta[人]列边阿塔,见Rabban-ata

Li Po, The Man of the Marches[人]李白《行行且游猎篇》,102

Li-p'o-chuen[人]栗婆准,99

Li Shih-min[人]李世民唐太宗),见T'ai-tsung

Li Shih-tsi[人]李世筈,92

Lithuania[地]立陶宛,399,407,436,443,469

Lithuanians[族]立陶宛人,471

Li Tsin-chung[人]李尽忠,108

Li Tsing[人]李靖,92

Li-tsung[人]宋理宗,259

Li Ts'un-hsü[人]李存助,127,128

Little Horde (Kishi-jüz)[族]小帐(吉尔吉斯-哈萨克),478,480,485,521,522,625注;参见Kirghiz-Kazakhs

Little Pulu[朝]小勃律,见Gilgit

Little Yüeh-chih (Hsia Yüeh-chih)[族]小月氏,28-29

Li Tzu-ch'eng[人]李自成,517,518

Liu Chih-yüan[人]刘知远,130

Liu Fu-t'ung[人]刘福通,323

Liu Ts'ung[人]刘聪,xxviii,56,57

Liu Wei[人]刘伟,453

Liu Yüan[人]刘渊,56

Li Yi[人]李祎,118

Lobdzang[人]罗卜藏,512

Lob Nor[地]罗布泊,xxii,35,37,40,41,42,52,96,303,306,312,344,424;参见Shanshan; Yiwu

bLo-bzang (Nag-dbang bLo-bzang)[人]阿旺·罗卜藏,523-524,532

Loehr, Max[人]马克思·劳尔,4

Loire[地]卢瓦尔河,74

Lo-Lo[族]罗罗人,283-284

Lombards[族]伦巴德人,60,173,174

Longjumeau[人]安德烈·德·隆朱米,见André de Longjumeau; Guy (Guillaume)de Longjumeau

Loni[地]洛尼,444

Lop (Charkhlik)[地]罗不,306

Lore[地]罗耳,260

Lorraine[地]洛林,178

Louis IX (St. Louis)[人]路易斯九世,圣·路易斯,273,276,277,281,349

Louis the Child[人]孩童路易斯,178

Loulan[朝]楼兰,35,37,40,41,42

Loyang[地]洛阳,xxix,41,48,49,56,57,58,59,61,63,65,120,121,122,126,127,259,558注

Lu[人]鲁王,518

Lucalongo, Petrus da[人]彼得鲁斯,见Petrus da Lucalongo

Lüders, Heinrich[人]吕德斯,29

Lugar[地]卢卡尔河,590注

Lugovskoye[地]卢戈伊什科耶,558注

Lu-ho (Luke; name)[人]鲁合,301

Lukchun[地]鲁克沁,42,47

Luke (son of 'Isä)[人]鲁合,304

Lu Kuang[人]吕光,50,59,60

Luleburgaz (Arcadiopolis)[地]卢累布尔加兹,76,184

Lung[地]龙庭,34

Lungcheng[地]龙城,557注

Lungmen[地]龙门,64,65

Lungsi[地]陇西,见Kungchang

Lungtö,[地]隆德,248

Lur[族]罗耳人,432

Luristan[地]卢里斯坦,11,169,355,430,432

Lü Shih-chung[人]刘时中,284

Lutsang[地]鲁仓,525

Lü Wen-huang[人]吕文涣,287

Lwanping[地]滦平,24,25

Lycaonia[地]利考尼亚(科尼亚),见Konya

Lycia[地]吕基亚,452

Lyons[地]里昂,270

Macedonia[地]马其顿,449

Madali[人]马达里(穆罕默德·阿里),见Muhammad 'Ali

Madyes[人]马代斯,9

Maes Titianos[人]马厄斯·梯梯安洛斯,40,48,313

Magadha[朝]摩揭陀,71

Magdalenian culture[文]马格德林文化,3,13

Maghas (Mankas; Monkas)[地]蔑怯思,265

Maghreb[地]马格里布,355

Magnesia ad Sipylum (Manisa)[地]马格尼西亚,453

Magyars[族]马扎尔人,xxviii,174,177-179,181,182

Mahamu[人]马合木,503,504,628注

Ma-hei-ma[人]马黑麻,见Muhammad (活跃于1560年)

Mahmud (of Ghazni;死于1030年)[人](加兹尼的)马赫穆德,144,145-146,149,150

Mahmud (1487-93)[人]马合木,481

Mahmud (1487-1508)[人]马哈木,463,482,496-497

Mahmud (1494-95)[人]马合谋,464

Mahmudabad[地]马哈茂达巴德,462

Mahmud-beg[人]马合谋伯格,382,385

Mahmudek[人]马赫穆提克,472

Mahmud ibn Muhammad[人]马赫默德·伊本·穆罕默德,158

Mahmud khan[人]马合谋汗,416

Mahmud Shah II[人]马茂德·沙二世,444,445

Mahmud Yalavach[人]马合谋·牙剌洼赤,250-251,272,328,352

“Mahone”[专]马霍恩贸易公司,452

Maikop[地]迈科普,545注

Maiyafariqin[朝]蔑牙法里勒异密国,360

Maikhan (tent)[专]迈克罕,196

Maikop[地]迈科普,4,16

Maitreya khutukhtu[人]迈达里·胡土克图,514

Majapahit[朝]满者伯夷国,291

Majd ad-Din Baghdadi[人]马扎德丁·巴格达第,589注

Makikha[人]马基哈,356,357

Makhmet-kul (Muhammad-quli)[人]马赫麦特·库耳,489

Makhtum khanim[人]马黑秃木·哈尼木,506,508

Ma K'ing-siang[人]马金襄,593注

Malabar[地]无离拔,315

Malaya[地]马来亚,311

Malayu[地]马拉尤,600注

Malazgirt (Manzikert)[地]曼吉克特,152,184

Malfuzat-i Timuri[书]《帖木儿名言录》,444-445

Malik (as title)[专]马立克(称号,意为王),352

Malikshah[人]马立克沙赫,147,152-153,154,155,158

Mal-kal Tungus[族]靺鞨通古斯人,515

Mallu Iqbal[人]马鲁·伊黑巴勒,444,445

Malta (nr. Irkutsk)[地]马尔塔,3

Ma Lung[人]马隆,54

Malvan[地]马尔瓦(印度),32

Malwa[地]马尔瓦(印度),69,70,71,146

Malyi-Terek[地]马尔义特列克,558注

Mamai (Mamaq; 1361-80)[人]马麦,405-406,407,436

Mamai (活跃于1523年)[人]马迈(诺盖汗),473

Mamelukes[专]马木路克人(奴隶),153,155,245,263

Mamelukes (dynasty)[朝]马木路克王朝,364-365,366,368,370,371,373-376,Mamelukes (dynasty)(cont.)382,384-385,387,398,400,403,404,405,433,434,446-448

Manas (river)[地]玛纳斯河,100,342,344,422,491

Manchouli[地]满洲里,3

Manchu (dynasty)[朝]清朝,63,66,510,515-520,528-533,536-542

Manchu (people)[族]满族人,515,516

Manchukuo[朝]满洲国,515

Manchuria[地]满洲,80,85,128,134,136,137,211,227,228,229,293,294,515,516,517,519,529,538

Mandaghol[人]满都古勒,509

Mandasur[族]曼达索尔家族,71

Mandughai[人]满都海赛音,509

Manegir[族]玛尼基尔人,515

Mangala[人]忙哥剌,307,605注

Mangit[族]曼吉特部(诺盖部),见Nogai (tribe)

Mangu Timur (Mongka Temür)[人]忙哥帖木儿,292,333,366,371,401,606注

Mangyshlak Peninsula[地]曼吉什拉特半岛,521,522

Maniak[人]曼尼亚克,184

Maniakh[人]马尼亚克,83

Manichaean art[文]摩尼教艺术,122,124

Manichaeanism[宗]摩尼教,121,122,124-125,197,304,319

Manisa[地]马格尼西亚,见Magnesia ad Sipylum

Mankas[地]蔑怯思,见Maghas

Manqud[人]忙古惕,194,210

Mansur (死于1393年)[人]曼苏尔,431,432-433

Mansur (Mansur-khan; 1503-43)[人]满速儿汗,497,499

Mansur I ibn-Nuh[人]曼苏尔一世(伊本·努赫),143

Mansurov[人]曼苏罗夫,475

Manzi[朝]蛮子国,309,311

Manzikert[地]曼吉克特,见Malazgirt

Mao-tun[人]昌顿单于,27,28

Mao'undur[地]卯温都儿,210

Mar Abraham[人]马·雅巴拉哈,369

Maragheh[地]蔑剌合,245,262,359,367,368,377,379,382;望楼,384;蔑剌合,373,379,383

Marawsik-ila[地]马拉什克亦拉,326

Mar Denha[人]马·德赫,367,368,369

Mardin[地]马尔丁,433

Mar Guiwarguis[人]马·基瓦古斯,303

Marguz (Marcus)Buyiruq[人]马儿忽思不亦鲁,191

Marhasia (Christian bishops)[专]马儿哈昔,300

Maria (sister of Andronicus II)[人](拜占庭皇帝安德努尼卡斯二世的妹妹)马利亚,385

Marignolli, Giovanni da[人]约翰·马黎诺里,见Giovanni da Marignolli

Marinus (of Tyre)[人](提尔的)马里努斯,40

Maritsa[地]马里查山谷,184

Mariupol[地]马里乌波尔,246,407,436

Mar James[人]马·詹姆斯,369

Marj as-Soffar[地]马尔杰·索法尔,382

Mar Jesusabran[人]马·耶稣沙布兰,369

Mark (活跃于1248年)[人]马克,349

Markanda[地]马尔干达,撒麻耳干,见Samarkand

Märkit[族]蔑儿乞部,192,195,201,204,205,207,208,213,215,216,234,578注,584注

Mar Koka[地]马科卡,368

Markus[人]麻古思,见Mar Yahballaha III

Marquart Josef[人]马迦特,68,171,180,182

Mar Särgis (Ma Sie-li-ki-ssu)[人]马薜里吉思,302

Mar Sehyon[地]马塞坊,368

Mar Shalita[地]蔑剌合,见Maragheh条下

Martinovka[地]马提诺威卡,575注

Martonocha[地]马尔托罗查,10

Maruta,St.[人]圣·马鲁塔,361

Mary (daughter of Michael Palaeologus)[人](迈克尔·佩利奥洛格斯的女儿)马丽公主,368

Mar Yahballaha III (Markus)[人]马·雅巴拉哈三世(麻古思),301,302-303,336,368-369,372,373,377,379,383

Mashhad[地]麦士德(图斯),见Tus

Ma Sie-li-ki-ssu[人]马薜里吉思,见Mar Särgis

Maspero, Georges[人]马斯佩罗,19-20

Massagetae[族]马萨革泰人,9,547注

Mas'ud (1030-40)[人]马苏德,146,149

Mas'ud (1133-52)[人]马苏德,158

Mas'ud (活跃于1495年)[人]麻素提,464

Mas'ud II[人]马苏德二世,382,387

Mas'udi[人]马苏第,181

Mas'ud Yalavach (Mas'ud-beg)[人]麻速忽·牙剌洼赤(麻速忽伯格),269,328,331-335,352

Ma'sum Shah Murad[人]马桑·沙·穆拉德,486-487

Ma-ta-ku[人]麻达葛,139-140,227

Matarka[地]马他喀贸易据点,180

Mathura[地]孔雀城(摩突罗),32,146

Matla' es-sa'dein[书]《两幸福之会合》,见'Abd ar-Razzaq Samarqandi

Maurice (Byzantine emperor)[人](拜占庭皇帝)毛里斯,562注

Mazanderan[地]马赞德兰,351,353,354,390,428,432,464

Mazdaism[宗]马资达教,7,84,101,219

Mecca[地]麦加,244,373,414,430

Medes[族]米底人,7

Media[地]麦地那,9,11,31

Megujin se'ultu[人]蔑古真·薜兀勒图,204

Mehmed II[人]穆赫默德二世,471

Meimundiz[地]麦门底司堡,354

Melankhlenes[族]米兰克尼勒斯人,10,11

Melgunov[地]麦勒古罗夫,10

Melitopol[地]美利托波尔,15,546注

Menander[人]弥南,173

Menbij (Hierapolis)[地]门比杰,40,361

Meng Kung[人]孟珙,282

Mengli Girei (Geray)[人]明里·格来,470,471,472

Meng T'ien[人]蒙恬,26-27

Mentese[地]门泰斯,449,451,452

Merhart, J.[人]麦哈特,16-17,25,37

Merovingians[朝]墨洛温王朝(人),60

Merv[地]莫夫(马里),xxi,40,67,68,80,85,116,117,144,147,150,159,160,164,167,191,240,242,243,312,334,369,483,487

Meshed[地]麦什德(图斯),见Tus

Meshed-i-Sar (Babulsar)[地]麦什德·萨尔,432

Mesia[地]麦西亚,78

Mesopotamian art[文]美索不达米亚艺术,4,11-12

Metz[地]梅斯,76

Michael Palaeologus[人]迈克尔·佩利奥洛格斯,368,399,400

Middle Horde (Orta-jüz)[朝]中帐,478,480,522,532,625注,参见Kirghiz-Kazakhs

Mien[朝]缅甸,见Burma

Mihaeni[地]米赫埃尼,8

Mika'il[人]米凯尔,149

Mikhailovka[地]米海洛夫卡,6,8

Mikirakula[人]摩醯逻矩罗,71,248

Mikoyanabad[地]米高扬纳巴德,见Kabadian

Milan[地]米兰,56,76

Mindor[地]闵多儿,260

Mindszent[地]明曾特,176

Ming[朝]明朝,319,323,324,325,424,453,456,459,488,494,496,498-499,502-507,510-511,512,516,517,518,540

Ming-an[人]明安,588注

Mingchow[地]明州(宁波),见Ningpo

Mingghan (army captain)[专]敏罕(千夫长),222

Ming-lak[地]明拉克,626注

Ming-shih[书]《明史》,494,495,496,499,503-507,510

Ming-ti[人]明帝,42,43

Minorsky, V. F.[人]米诺尔斯基,146,172,180,185

Min Shan[地]鸣沙山,108

Minteke[地]明铁盖达坂,41

Miraj[地]米拉杰,445

Minusinsk[地]米努辛斯克,xxiii,xxv,24,28,66-67,124,216,549注,556注,558注,艺术4,5,6,14,15,17-19,66,176

Mir 'Ali Shir Newa'i[人]察儿·阿里·失儿·纳瓦依,465

Miran[地]米兰,41,49

Miranshah[人]米兰沙,427,430,433,434,437,456,458

Mir Bayezid[人]迷里拜牙即,410

Mirdasid dynasty[朝]米尔达西朝,152

Mir Husain[人]迷里忽辛,见Husain (活跃于1360年)

Mirkhond[人]米尔空,67,245,464,465

Mirza 'Abdallah[人]米儿咱阿布达拉赫,见'Abdallah ibn-Qazghan

Mirza Iskander[人]米儿咱·伊斯堪答儿,426

Mitan[地]卡巴·马坦,见Kaba-matan

Mithridates II[人]密特里达提二世,31

Mitrovica[地]米特洛维察(锡尔米蒙),见Sirmium

Mizuki[地]麦诸基,289

Mobarek-shah[人]木八剌沙,332,334

Mo-ch'o (Mo-cho; Bak-chor; Qapagan-khagan)[人]默啜,107-108,109,110,116,127-128,565注

Moesia[地]麦西亚,174,177

Mogholistan[地]蒙兀儿斯坦,342-346,419,420,422,424,425,426,438,459,460-461,463,480,482,490-501,506,507

Mogholtai[人]蒙古台,332

Mohi[地]莫希,266

Mo-ho[族]靺鞨578注

Mojak, moje[专]慕阇(称号),见Mu-shö

Mo-ki-lien[人]默棘连,110-111,112,113,565注

Moldavia[地]摩尔达维亚,4,6,181,268

Mologa[地]莫洛加河,265

Mongka[人]蒙哥,264-65,267,272-276,280-284,288,298,300,320,329,330,349-350,352,353,354,357,363,394,395,397,512,596注,598注,606注

Mongka Temür[人]忙哥帖木儿,见Mangu Timur

Mong-ku[族]萌古,197

Mongol language[文]蒙古语,xxv,228,277,544注,579注-580注

Mongol script[文]蒙古文,252,298-299;Uiguro-Mongol,516,521

Mong-wu (Mong-wa)[族]蒙兀,579注

Monkas[地]蔑怯思,见Maghas

Mon-Khmer[族]纯高棉种人,290

Montecorvino, Giovanni da[人]约翰·孟德科维诺,见Giovanni da Montecorvino

Morava[地]摩拉瓦河,76

Moravia[地]摩拉维亚(大摩拉维亚),266,395;Great Moravia,175,178

Mordvian culture, so-called[文]摩尔达维亚文化,11

Mordvinians[族]摩尔多维亚人,472

Morosova[地]摩罗索瓦,549注

Moscow[地]莫斯科,265,404,405,407,436,470,472,473

Mostaert, Father A.[人]老莫斯特尔特,530-531

Mosul[地]摩苏尔,158,263-264,347,349,355,366,391

Mo-yen-cho (Bayan-chor; Ko-lo; Moyun-chor)[人]默延啜(葛勒),120,121,565注,567注

Mozhaisk[地]莫扎伊斯克,407,436

Mstislav (the Bold)[人]勇士密赤思腊,246

Mubariz ad-Din Muhammad[人]穆巴里克·丁·穆罕默德,390-391

Mugan[地]木干草原,245,261,262,263,271,281,347,357,359,456,594注

Muhammad (Prophet)[人](先知)穆罕默德,500

Muhammad (1105-18)[人]穆罕默德,158

Muhammad II (活跃于1403年)[人]穆罕默德二世,452

Muhammad (Ma-hei-ma;活跃于1560年)[人]马黑麻,499

Muhammad (活跃于1603年)[人]麻法默德,500

Muhammad Hajji[人]哈吉·穆罕默德,见Hajji Muhammad

Muhammad (of Ghor)[人]希哈布·阿德丁·摩诃末,见Shihab ad-Din Muhammad

Muhammad (of Khwarizm)[人]摩诃末(阿拉·阿德丁·摩诃末),见'Ala ad-Din Muhammad

Muhammad 'Ali (Madali)[人]穆罕默德·阿里(马达里),488-489

Muhammad Amin[人]穆罕默德·阿明,473

Muhammad Bughra-Khan[人]博格拉汗,穆罕默德,147

Muhammad Girei[人]穆罕默德·格来,473

Muhammad Haidar I[人]穆罕默德·海达尔一世,463,494

Muhammad Haidar II (Haidarmirza)[人]穆罕默德·海达尔二世,497,498,499,627注;《拉失德史》344,416,423,424,425,480,481,482,491-495,497,499,500,504,506,507,508

Muhammad ibn-Tughlugh[人]穆罕默德·本·图格卢,341,443

Muhammad-khan[人]马黑麻汗,425,619注

Muhammad-quli[人]马赫麦德·库耳,见Makhmet-kul

Muhammad Sam[人]穆罕默德·沙姆,386

Muhammad Shaybani[人]穆罕默德·昔班尼,464,465,481,482,483,486,487,497-498,615注

Muhammad Timur[人]穆罕默德·帖木儿,483

Muhammad 'Umar[人]穆罕默德·奥玛尔,488

Muhammad Yusuf[人]马黑麻·亦速甫,500

Mu-han[人]木杆可汗,82

Mu-ho[人]莫何,88

Mu'in ad-Din Suleiman[人]穆因哀丁·苏来曼,370

Mu'izz ad-Din Husain Kert[人]穆兹丁·胡赛因,343,390,426

Mu-jung[族]慕容氏(前燕、后燕国),57,58,61,577注;参见Hou-Yen; Ts'ien-Yen

Mu-jung Ch'uei[人]慕容垂,59

Mu-jung Tsiun[人]慕容鯭,58

Mukachevo[地]穆卡切沃,见Munkacs

Mukden[地]沈阳,516,519

Mukri[族](拜占庭作家记)蔑儿乞人,578注

Muktapida[人]木多笔,118-119

Multan[地]木尔坦,242,340,443,444,446

Mumash[人]谟麻失汗,508

Mu'min,al-[人]阿布德·穆明,见'Abd al-Mu'min

Munda languages[文]穆恩答语,576注

Mundzuk (Mundiukh)[人]蒙杜克,75

Munglik[人]蒙力克,217,218,585注

Munkacs (Mukachevo)[地]穆卡切沃,266

Munte, Guillaume de[人]纪尧姆·蒙特,见Guillaume de Munte

Muqali (Muquli)[人]木华黎,202,203,206,223,232-233,247,588注

Mures[文]穆里斯文化,6

Murgab (place)[地]穆耳加布,386

Murgab (river)[地]穆耳加布河,340,461,465

Murtuk[地]穆尔吐克,52,96,98,124

Mus[地]穆什,391,430,431,459,462

Musa[地]穆萨,149

Muscovy[地]莫斯科维,395,407,436,438,441,452,470,471,473,475,489,522,540

Mu-shö (mojak, moje; as title)[专]慕阇,121

Musta'sim, al-[人]穆斯台耳绥姆,354,355-356

Mu'tamid[人]穆塔米德,142

Mutan[地]忽尔卡河,见Hurka

Mütügen[人]木阿秃干,241,271,329,334

Muzaffarids[朝]穆扎法尔朝,343,390-391,426,431,432,433

Muzaffar-i Kashi[人]穆札菲·喀什,431

Muzart[人]穆扎尔特,xxiii,555注

Mylapore[地]马八儿,313,315,319

Mysia[地]麦西亚,453

Nablus[地]纳布卢斯,362

Nadir-shah[人]纳迪尔沙,486,488

Nagchu[地]那曲,533

Nag-dbang bLo-bzang,见bLo-bzang

Nagy Czeks[地]纳吉·者克斯,267

Naiman[族]乃蛮部,xxiv,xxv,126,190-191,204-208,212-217,233,234,235-236,301

Naissus (Nis)[地]尼什,76

Nakhichevan[地]纳希切万,281,348,378,430,434,458

Nakhsheb (Nasef)[地]那黑沙不,341

Naksh-i Jahan[人]纳黑失只罕,425,619注

Na-li[人]那利,100

Namghin[地]安庆(或开封)(马可记),310

Na-mo[人]那摩,275,276,298

Nam Tso[地]纳木错(腾格里湖),见Tengri Nor

Nanchang (Hungchow)[地]南昌(洪州)122,137

Nancheng[地]南郑(汉中),见Hanchung

Nanchow[朝]云南国,见Yunnan

Nangin[地]南京,310

Nan-kia[专]南家(金人称宋朝),593注

Nangkiyas (Nang-kiyas; nikasa)[人]宁甲速,593注

Nanking (Kienkang; Kienning; Kinling-fu; Quelinfu)[地]南京(建康,金陵府),57,62,64,68,132,137,287,308,316,323,325

Nankow (Kiu-yung-kuan)Pass[地]南关(居庸关),106,507

Nanshan[地]南山,28,35

Nanyang[地]南阳,258

Nan-Yen[朝]南燕,557注

Naples[地]那不勒斯,319,374

Narasihapati[人]那罗梯诃波帝,290

Narasimhagupta[人]纳罗新哈·笈罗,70,71

Narin, David[人]大卫·纳林,见David Narin

Naryn[地]纳林河,423

Nasawi[人]奈撒微(《札兰丁传》的作者),241,589注

Nasef[地]纳黑沙布,见Nakhsheb

Nasir, an-(1180-1225)[人](哈里发)纳昔儿,237-238

Nasir an-(活跃于1320年)[人]纳绥尔(埃及马木路克王朝苏丹),404

Nasir ad-Din[人]纳速剌丁,601注

Nasir ad-Din 'Ubaidallah[人]纳昔儿·丁·乌拜达拉赫,495

Nasir Yusuf, an-[人]纳绥尔·玉素甫,360,361-362,362-363

Nasr ibn-Ahmed[人]纳斯尔·伊本·阿赫默德,141-142

Nasr II ibn-Ahmed[人]纳斯尔二世(伊本·阿赫默德),142

Nauruz[人]捏兀鲁思,352,376-380

Nauruz Ahmed[人]老奴思·阿合木,508

Naya[人]那雅,215,223

Nayan (活跃于1287)[人]乃颜,293

Nayan[人]伯颜,见Bayan (1301-09)

Nazar[人]那札儿(吉尔吉斯汗),499

Negda[族]涅格达人,515

Nehavend[地]尼哈温,116,432

Nejm Sani[人]纳吉姆·沙尼,484

Nemesvolgy[地]内麦斯沃尔吉,176

Neolithic period[专]新石器时期,3

Nepryadva[地]涅普里亚德瓦河,406

Nesef[地]内塞弗,457

Nessa[地]奈撒,241,243

Nestorian art[文]聂思托里安教艺术,26,124

Nestorianism[宗]聂思托里安教(景教),125,142,189,190,191,197,220,237,263,270,271,277,280,300-304,306,315,327,341,342,368,369,383,396,397,597注;教士,300,602注;也里可温,300,602注

Neustadt[地]诺伊施塔特,267

Nevsky, Alexander[人]亚历山大·涅维斯基,见Alexander Nevsky

Ngan-tö[人]安得,42,44

Nghean[地]义安,290

Nicaea (Iznik)[地]尼西亚(伊兹尼克),153,350,385,451

Nicephorus I[人]黎塞弗留斯一世,177

Nicholas IV, Pope[人](教皇)尼古拉四世,313,336,373,375,376

Nicholas, Friar[人](修士)尼古拉,319

Nicolo di Pagana[人]尼可洛·迪帕加纳,404

Nicomedia[地]尼科美底亚(伊兹米特),见Izmit

Nicopolis[地]尼科堡,449,452

Nicosia[地]尼科西亚,349

Nien-mo-ho[人]粘没喝,136,137

Nikolayev[地]尼科拉耶夫,4,5

Nikolayevka[地]尼古拉耶夫卡,73

Nikov P.[人]李柯夫,402

Nikpai Oghul[人]捏古伯,334,607注

Nilqa[人]亦剌合(桑昆),见Sängün

Nine Oghuz[族]九姓乌古思,见Toquz Oghuz

Nine Tatar[族]九姓鞑靼,见Toquz Tatar

Ningan[地]宁干(宁古塔),见Ninguta

Ningkiang[地]宁江州,136,137

Ningkwo[地]宁国,287

Ningpo (Mingchow)[地]宁波(明州),137

Ningsia (Chunghing; Egrigaia)[地]宁夏(中兴府),108,126,132,226,247-248,299,302,303,306,504,510,511

Ninguta (Ningan)[地]宁古塔(宁干),515,516

Ningwu[地]宁武,133

Ningyüan,[地]宁远,567注

Nin-kia-su[人]宁甲速,257,258,593注

Nirun[族]尼鲁温部,193,194

Nis[地]尼什,见Naissus

Nishapur[地]尼沙普尔,146,149,150,160,240,241,305,334,369,380,390,427,485

Nisibin (Nusaybin)[地]尼西比斯(努赛宾),262,361,368

Niya (Niyang)[地]尼雅,41,49

Nizam al-Mulk[人]尼查姆·乌尔·莫尔克,152,153,154

Nizhni Novgorod (Gorki)[地]下诺夫哥罗德(今高尔基),5,470

Noeldeke, T.[人]诺尔德克,67

Nogai (Mangit; tribe)[族]诺盖部,470,486-487,490,521,522

Nogai (Noghai; person)[人]诺盖,366,369,398-403,405

Nogai (region)[地]诺盖地区,472,473,475

Noin Ula[地]诺恩乌拉,12,18,25,26,39

Nöku (nökud; warriors; free men)[专]那可儿(武士,自由人),195,222

“Nomad Horsemen”[专]游牧骑士风格,66-67,176

Nomokhan (Nomoqan)[人]那木罕,292,401

Nomtarni[人]那蒙塔尼,629注

Nonni[地]嫩江,39,208,505,509,529

North Vietnam[朝]安南,北越,见Annam

Novgorod[地]诺夫哥罗德,265

Novo Alexandrovka[地]新亚历山德罗夫卡,546注

Novocherkask[地]新切尔卡斯克,16

Novogrigorievsk[地]诺沃格里格鲁夫斯克,5

Nowairi[人]诺瓦里,401,403

Noyan (as title)[专]那颜(称号),194,222,586注

Noyandara[人]那颜达拉,511,629注

Nuh II ibn-Mansur[人]努赫二世,曼苏尔,143,144

Nuh I ibn-Nasr[人]努赫一世(纳昔),143

Nur 'Ali[人]奴儿·阿里汗,522

Nur Daulet[人]努儿道剌特,471

Nurhachi (Nurkhatsi; Nu-ul-ha-ch'e)[人]努尔哈赤,516-517

Nusaybin[地]努赛宾(尼西比斯,见Nisibin)

Nu-shih-pi[族]努失毕部,95,102,103,109

Nutuq (grazing lands)[专]努士克(牧场),195,221-222

Nu-ul-ha-ch'e[人]努尔哈赤,见Nurhachi

Ob[地]鄂毕河,148,185,490,525

Oboq (clan)[专]斡孛黑(氏族),193

Ochigin (otchigin; as title)[专]斡赤斤(称号),255

Oder (Odra)[地]奥德河,266

Odessa[地]敖德沙,13

Odoli[地]鄂多理,516

Odorico da Pordenone[人]鄂多立克,216,306,312-320各处

Odra[地]奥德河,见Oder

Oelun-eke[人]月伦额格,199,217,218,256,585注

Ogädäi, Ögedei[人]窝阔台,见Ogödäi

Oghlaqan[人]鄂克拉罕,629注

Oghul[人]沙·斡兀立,见Shah-Oghul

Oghul Qaimish[人]斡兀立·海迷失,272-274,330,349,596注

Oghuz (Ghuzz; Torks; Ouzoi; Uzes)[族]乌古思(古兹,乌泽人,奥佐伊人),xxix,148,149,151-155各处,157,160,164,167,181,182,185-186,237,240,393,565注-566注;九姓乌古思,106,110,126,145,565注,566注

Oghuz-name[书]《乌古思名》,544注,565注-566注

Oglakty[地]俄格拉克提村,16,19,549注

Ogödäi (Ogädäi; Ögedei)[人]窝阔台,210,229,232,238,239,251,254-259,261,262,263,264,267,268,273,282,300,328,330,347,351,352,353,516,592注,593注

Ogödäi, house of[族]窝阔台家族,273,274,280,286,291,292,294,295,296,329,330,338,394,401,403

Ogor[族]乌戈尔种,171

D'Ohsson[人]多桑,210,215,272,330,338

Oirat (Confederates; Four Confederates or Dörben Oirat Oirad; Oyirad)[族]卫拉特,斡亦剌惕,192,195,207,213,215,479,491,492,493,499,503-510各处,512,513,520-521,522,525,539;参见Choros; Dörböt; Dzungar; Kalmucks; Khoshot; Torghut

Oirotin[地]奥罗丁,18

Oiskaya[地]奥伊什卡亚,558注

Oka[地]奥卡河,11,470,472,473

Ökächi[人]鬼力赤,见Ugechi

Okhotsk, Sea of[地]鄂霍次克海,515

Okin-barqaq[人]斡勒巴儿合黑,198,202,228

Oktar[人]鄂克塔,75

Olbia[地]奥尔比亚城,73

Olcha[族]奥尔恰人,515

Oljäi Temür (Punyasri; Pen-ya-shöli)[人]本雅失里,504,505,629注

Oljaitu (Nicholas)[人]完者都,315,340,368,372,383-386,396

Olkhui[地]奥尔克浑河,583注

Olomouc (Olmütz)[地]奥洛摩茨,266

Olöt[族]绰罗斯部,见Choros

Olugh-beg[人]兀鲁伯,243,417,457,459,460,461,492

Omar Khayyam[人]奥玛尔·卡雅姆,161

Omurtag[人]奥慕尔塔克,177

Onegesis[人]奥尼吉斯,78

Ongirat[族]弘吉剌惕部,见Qongirat

Ongkin[地]翁金河,34,35,36,191,286,512,536

Öngüt[族]汪古部,xxv,26,213,220,227,228,250,300-302,306,318,400,571注

Onoghundur (Onogur)[族]乌基杜尔人(乌基尔人),176,177-178

Onon[地]鄂嫩河(斡难河),193,194,199,200,201,206,216,219,248,255,273,282,504,539

Oppeln[地]奥珀伦,399

Oqaylids[朝]鄂克里德朝,154

Oradea[地]奥拉迪亚,266

Orda[人]斡儿答,264,393,394,397,406,615注

Ordos (people)[族]鄂尔多斯人,509-514各处,517,530-531,629注

Ordos (region)[地]鄂尔多斯(鄂尔多斯艺术),xxii,19,20,27,35,55,88,89,93,126,132,133,189,226,247,510;艺术,13,17,18,19,24-26,50,176

Ordu (tented palace)[专]斡耳朵(帐廷),255

Ordubaligh (ordu-baligh)[地]斡耳朵八里(哈拉和林),256,599注;参见Karabalgasun; Karakorum

Orenburg (Chkalov)[地]奥伦堡,15,394,439,478

Orestes[人]奥里斯特斯,78

Orghana[人]兀鲁忽乃,275,286,329,330,331-332

Orkhan[人]奥尔汗,385

Orkhon[地]鄂尔浑,xxii,xxiii,20,34,35,38,46,55,61,80,82,83,87,103,106,111,114,125,128,190,196,197,252,256,269,292,312,417,419,504,512,529,539

Orléans[地]奥尔良,76

Ormazd (Ahura-Mazda)[宗]阿马兹达神(阿胡拉·马兹达神),84,219

Ormuz[地]霍尔木兹(忽里模子),见Hormuz

Oro bögilä[人]阿罗·波吉乃,198

Oroch[族]奥罗奇人,515

Orochon[族]奥罗楚恩人,515

Orgötü[地]奥古土,565注,567注

Orsk[地]奥尔斯克,439

Orta-jüz[族](中帐),见Middle Horde

Osman[人]奥斯曼一世,见'Uthman I

Ossetians[族]奥塞梯人,74,442

Ostrogoths[族]东哥特人,73,75,78

Ostyak[地]奥斯佳克,489

Ostyak language[文]奥斯特雅克语,576注

Otar[地]奥塔尔,423

Otchigin[专]斡赤斤,见Ochigin

Otemish[人]奥特米什,475

Otrar[地]讹答剌,235,238,239,270,305,312,332,393,397,400,406,435,436,438,443,453,456

Otto I (of Germania)[人]奥托一世(日耳曼王),179

Ottomans[族]奥斯曼人,xxviii,xxix,157,160,164,179,240-241,385,389,391,396,420,446,448-453,471,472,475,477,485

Ötükän[地]於都斤山,106,112,561注,564注,565注;参见Khangai

Otuz Tatar (Thirty Tatar)[族]三十姓鞑靼,106,192,565注

Ouarkhonitai[族]瓦尔和昆尼(假阿瓦尔人),见Uarkhonites

Oudh[朝]乌德,444

Ouzoi[族]奥佐伊人(乌古思),见Oghuz

Oxus[地]阿克苏斯河(阿姆河),见Amu Darya

Oyidarma[人]斡亦答马,629注

Oyirad[族]斡亦剌惕部,见Oirat

Özbeg (1210-25)[人]月即别,245,260

Özbeg (1312-40)[人]月即别,319,400,404

Özbegs[族]乌兹别克人,见Uzbeks

Ozmish[人]乌苏米施汗,113

Pachow[地]霸州,133

Pachymeres, Georgius[人]帕切米尔,399,402

Padsha-khatun[人]帕夏可敦,366

Padua[地]帕多瓦,319

Pagan[朝]蒲甘,291,308

Pagana, Nicolo di[人]尼可洛·帕格拉,见Nicolo di Pagana

Pahipuszta[地]帕希普兹塔,176

Paighu[人]拜格护,149

Paiteng[地]白登山,27

Paiza (golden tablet)[专]金匾,369

Paleolithic period[专]旧石器时代,3

Palestine[朝]巴勒斯坦,363,364

Pamirs (Pamier)[地]帕米尔,xxii,41,96,101,118,119,169,236,306,422

Pan Ch'ao[人]班超,31,42-47,542

Panipat[地]巴尼伯德,445

P'an Mei[人]潘美,131

Pannonia[地]班诺尼亚,72,76,78,173,174,175

Panshan[地](甘肃的)半山,4

Pan-ti[人]班第,538,541

Panticapaeum (Bosporus; Kerch)[地]潘蒂卡派(博斯普鲁斯,刻赤),52,85,173,554注

Pan Yung[人]班勇,47

Paoan (Chihtan)[地]保安,61,229,232

Paochow[地]保州(保定),见Paoting

Pao-lu-ssu (Paul; name)[人]保鲁斯,301

Paoning[地]宝宁,258,284

Paoting (Paochow)[地]保定,108,132,133,230,511

Pape[地]清迈,见Chiangmai

Paphlagonia[地]帕夫拉戈尼亚,452

Paquette[人]帕库特,280

Parak[地]帕拉克河(奇尔奇克河),见Chirchik

Paris[地]巴黎,374-375

Parthians[族]帕提亚人,31,32,47,49

Pascal (the Spaniard)[地]巴斯喀尔,342

Pasianoi[族]帕夏洛伊人,30

Patzanakitai[族]佩切涅格人,见Pet-chenegs

Paul (of Cilicia)[人](西里西亚人)保罗,84

Pavia[地]帕维亚,76,178

Pa-ya-tsi[人]拜牙即,499

Pazyryk[地]帕兹雷克,xxiii,xxv,18,19,544注,549注

Pegolotti[人]佩戈洛蒂,Pratica della mercatura,311

Pegu[朝]白古国,290

Pehlewan[人]帕列文,158

P'ei[族]裴氏,115

Pei-Ch'i[朝]北齐,66,82

Pei-Chou[朝]北周,66,83

Pei-Han (Ts'ien-Chao; dynasty)[朝]北汉(前赵),56

Pei-Han (kingdom)[朝]北汉王国,130,131

Pei-Jung[族]北戎,19-20

P'ei Kiu[人]裴矩,89

Pei-Liang (Tsu-k'iu)[朝]北凉(沮渠),61-62,64

Pei-Shih[书]《北史》,70

Peiting[地]北庭(别失八里)见Beshbaligh

Pei-Yen[朝]北燕,61,557注;参见Jehol

Pekh (mayor of the palace)[专]帕克(宫廷侍长),577注

Peking (Cambaluc; Chi; Chung-tu; Jungdu; Khanbaligh; Tatu; Yen; Yenching; Yenchow; Yüchow)[地]北京(汗八里,中都,大都),xxvii,xxix,xxx,34,58,127,129,130,131,133,134,136,138,139,146,148,164,165,189,196,224,227,229,230,232,253,257,288,295,302,303,305,307,308,312,313,316-317,318,319,324,325,340,479,502,507,510,511,514,516,518,530,538,539,587注,588注,599注

Pelliot, Paul[人]伯希和,xxv,24,53,80-81,96,97,107,173,193,197-198,221,257,271,272,298,301,303,304,305,307,318,347,348,349

Pem[地]克里亚,见Keriya

Pengcheng (Sinhsien)[地]彭城,64

Pen-ya-shö-li[人]本雅失里,见Oljäi Temür

Pepin[人]丕平,175

Peregrino[人]帕莱格尼努,314

Perm[地]帕姆森林,15,548注

Perovsk (Kzl-Orda)[地]波罗威斯克(今克孜勒奥尔达),149,238

Peroz[人]卑路支,68

Persepolis[地]帕赛波里斯,7

Persian art[文]波斯艺术,122,124,311,367,457,467

Persian language[文]波斯语,157,243,604注

Pervane (chancellor)[专]丞相,370

Perwan[地]八鲁湾,241,242,590注

Peschanaia[地]雅米谢威斯克,见Yamishevsk

Peshawar[地]白沙瓦,69

Pest[地]佩斯,266,267

Peta[人]拜塔,见Baidar

Petchenegs (Bachanak; Patzanakitai)[族]佩彻涅格人,xxiv,xxviii,178,181,182,184-185,186

Peter, Brother[人]彼得,342

Peter (of Crempa)[人]彼得(克雷蒙巴的),399

Peter (of Florence)[人]彼得(佛罗伦萨的),314

Peter (Metropolitan of Moscow)[人]彼得(莫斯科主教),617注

Peter the Great[人]彼得一世,475,522;珍宝,13,16,548注

Pétis de la Croix[人]佩替·德·拉·克鲁阿,439

Petreny[地]彼特里尼,4

Petronas[人]帕特罗纳斯,180

Petrovsk[地]彼得罗夫斯克,577注

Petrus da Lucalongo[人]彼得鲁斯,313,314

Phags-pa[人]八思巴,298-299,513

Phanagoria[地]法纳戈里亚,180

Philippopolis (Plovdiv)[地]菲利普波利斯,76

Philip the Fair[人]金发菲利普,374,375-376,384

Phocaea[地]福西亚,452

Phraates II[人]弗拉亚特斯二世,31

Phrygia[地]弗里吉亚,8,155,157,385,452,453

Pi[人]比,39

Pianfu[地]平阳府(平阳)见Pingyang

Pianobor[专]皮亚诺波尔文化,73

Piano Carpini[人]普兰·迦儿宾,7,216,221,224-225,257,270,271,272,348,395,396

Piatigorsk[地]皮亚蒂戈尔斯克,5

P'ien[地]汴(开封),见Kaifeng

Pinchow[地]豳州,90

Pingcheng (Tai)[地]平城(代郡),27,57,60,63,65

Pingchüan[地]平川,128

Pingliang[地]平凉,248,257

Pinglu[地]平卢,128

Pingtinghsiang[地]平定乡(善阐),见Shanshan

Pingyang (Pianfu)[地]平阳,56,57,229,232,257,307

Pir Budaq[人]皮儿·布达克,461

Pir Muhammad ibn-Jahangir[人]皮儿·马黑麻·伊本·只罕杰儿,456,457

Pir Muhammad ibn- 'Umar-shaikh[人]皮儿·马黑麻,444,456,457

Pisannaya gora[地]卡拉苏河,见Kara-yus

Pishpek[地](谢米列契耶)皮什比克,见Semirechye

Plovdiv[地]菲利普波利斯(普罗夫迪夫),见Philippopolis

Podgortsa[地]波德戈尔扎,6

Podio, Francesco da[人]弗朗希斯科,见Francesco da Podio

Pohai[朝]渤海国,128,515

Pohuan[地]拨换城(阿克苏),见Aksu (town and province)

Pokrovsk (Engels)[地]波克罗夫斯克,5

P'o-juan[人]婆闰,102

Poland[地]波兰,孛烈儿,266,395,399

“Po-lo”[族]薄罗人,69

Polo,Maffeo[人]马弗·孛罗,304-309,313

Polo, Marco[人]马可,波罗,216,252,290,293,296,297,298,302,305-313,320,371

Polo, Niccolo[人]尼古拉·孛罗,304-309,313

P'o-lo-men[人]婆罗门,81

Polovtsy[族]波洛伏齐人(钦察人),见Kipchaks

Poltava[地]波尔塔瓦,407,436

Polybius[人]波里比阿(史家),15

Pompeius Trogus[人]彭沛乌斯·托古斯30,31

Pontis[地]彭蒂斯,8,9,18,182,449

Pordenone, Odorico da[人]鄂多立克,见Odorico da Pordenone

Port Arthur[地]旅顺港,128

Po Shuen[人]帛纯,50,59

Postal service[专]帝国邮政,318

Potemkin[人]波特金,477

Poyang, Lake[地]鄱阳湖,137,323,324

Po-yao-ho[人]波姚河,227,301

Po-yen[人]伯颜(将领),见Bayan (活跃于1276年)

Pozdneev[人]波兹尼夫,526

Prabhakara[人]波罗羯罗,72

Prabhakaramitra[人]波罗颇迦罗密多罗,94

Prato, Guillaume da[人]纪尧姆·波拉特,见Guillaume da Prato

“Prester John”[专]约翰长老,191,306,318

Priscus[人]普里斯卡斯,78

Priscus (活跃于600年)[人]普利斯卡斯(拜占庭将军),174

Prokhorovka[地]普罗霍罗夫卡,15

Protoshilovo[地]普罗托什洛沃,558注

Provence[地]普罗旺斯,178

Prut[地]普鲁特河,392

Pseudoavars[族]假阿瓦尔人,171,172

Ptolemy[人]托勒密,xxiii,28,40,41,306

Puchow[地]浦州(河中),见Hochung

P'u Hung[人]苻洪,58

Pulad (活跃于1718年)[人]布拉特,见Bulat

Pulad (Bolod; 活跃于1407-12年)[人]不剌汗,470

Pulad (Bolod; place)[地]普拉德,331

Puladshi[人]播鲁只,见Bulaji

Pul-i Sengi (Stone Bridge)[地]普勒伊森格,411

Pulu, Great[朝]大勃律,见Baitistan

Pulu, Little[朝]小勃律,见Gilgit

Punjab[人]旁遮普,32,49,69,71-72,80,146,167,168,315,339,443,444,445,446

Puntsuk-Monchak[人]明楚克汗,521-522,525

Punyasri[人]本雅失里,见Oljäi Temür

Puragupta[人]普罗·笈多,70

Pu-su-wan[人]耶律诗(普速完),见Ye-lü Shih

Puszta[专]“无树平原”,267

Pusztatoti[地]普兹塔托蒂,176

Puyanghsien[地]濮阳县(澶州),见Shenchow

Qaan[专]合罕,罕,见Khagan

Qabul (Qabul-khan; Qabul-khagan)[人]合不勒汗,138,197,202

Qachi'un[人]哈赤温,199,218,255

Qada'an[人]哈丹,264,266,267,274,293,294,593注,599注

Qadagin[族]哈答斤部,见Qatakin

Qadaq[人]合答黑,270,274

Qadirkhan[地]兴安岭,见Khingan

Qadir-khan (person)[人]哈亦儿汗(亦剌乞克),见Inalchiq

Qadir-khan Jibra'il[人]喀迪尔汗·贾布拉伊尔,159

Qadir-khan Yusuf[人]喀迪尔汗·玉素甫,146,147

Qadisiya[地]卡迪西亚,116

Qaidu[人]海都,63,194,197,200,264,266,274,286,291-296,303-304,305,308,321,332-336,338,376,401,403,512,606注-607注

Qa'im, al-[人]阿尔·哈伊木,151

Qaisar (as title)[专]凯撒,450

Qal'a-i-Sefid[地]喀拉伊舍弗德,432

Qalaqaljit-elet (“Qalaqaldjit-elet”)[地]合兰真沙陀,210,211

Qalawun[人]嘉拉温苏丹,371

Qam (shaman)[专]昆木(萨满),195

Qamar ad-Din[人]哈马儿丁,344,422,423,424,425

Qân[专]罕,合罕,见Khagan

Qan-baliq[地]汗八里,见Khanbaligh

Qanqli[族]康里,237,247

Qapagan-khagan[人]默啜(突厥碑文上记),见Mo-ch'o

Qara-buqa[人]哈拉不花,599注

Qarachu (commoners)[专]哈拉抽(平民),195,222,531

Qara-Hulägu[人]哈剌旭烈兀,271,274,329

Qarai[人]克烈,479-480

Qarakuchum[人]哈拉库楚姆,470

Qara-Muhammad Turmush[人]哈拉·马合木·吐穆斯,431

Qara-Qoyunlu (Black Sheep)[朝]喀喇-科雍鲁(黑羊王朝),160,391,430-431,433,434,435,449,458,459,461-462

Qarataghlik[朝]黑山派,501,527-528,541

Qaratal[地]卡拉套山,见Kara-Tal

Qara'un Qabchal[地]喀拉昆·巴查尔,578注

Qara'utai tergen (wheeled wagons)[专]哈剌兀台·帖儿坚(轮车),196

Qara-Yusuf[人]哈拉·玉素甫,391,433,434,435,449,458,459

Qariya (administrative division)[专](行政机构)营,530

Qarluq[族]葛逻禄人,95,109,110,113,114,119-120,145,165,233,234,238,565注

Qarshi[地]卡尔施城,见Karshi

Qasaq-tergen (wheeled wagons)[专]合撒黑·帖儿坚,196

Qasar[人]哈撒儿,199,200,206,214,217-218,229-230,255,256,580注,586注

Qasim (of Astrakhan; 死于1469年)[人]卡西姆,472

Qasim (of Kazan; 活跃于1466年)[人]卡西姆(金帐汗库楚克·马哈麻之子),472

Qasim (约1509-18)[人]哈斯木,480,508,626注

Qatakin (Qadagin; Qatagin)[族]哈答斤部,194,206,207,208,213

Qatwan[地]卡特文,160,165,333

Qawurd[人]喀乌德,152,153

Qayaligh (Cailac)[地]海押立,234,238,272,277

Qazaqs[族]哈萨克人,见Kirghiz-Kazakhs

Qazghan[人]迦慈罕,342-343,409,426,427

Qilich Arslan IV[人]乞立赤·阿尔斯兰四世,269,272,350,354,359

Qilich Tamgatch-khan Mas'ud[人]乞尼克·桃花石汗·马苏德,574注

Qiniqs[族]乞尼黑部,148

Qirq-yer[地]奇尔克耶城(巴赫切萨拉伊),见Bakhchisarai,471

Qobaq[地]霍博,273,349

Qöl (center of army)[专]中军,中翼军,223

Qongirat (Ongirat; Qongarat; Qongrad)[族]弘吉剌惕部,194,200,206,207,210

Qongrad[族]弘吉剌惕部,见Qongirat

Qorchi[人]火儿赤,202

Qorchin (tribe)[族]科尔沁部,见Khorchin

Qorchin (bodyguard of quiver bearers)[专]豁儿赤(箭筒士),582注

Qorla (Qorola)[族]火鲁剌思,194,207

Qorqonaq Jubur[地]合儿郭纳黑·朱布儿,201,202

Qorisü-bäki[人]火力速八赤,212,214

Qoshun, qosighun (banners; administrative divisions)[族]库西昆(旗),530

Qoun[族]看钦察人,见Kipchaks

Qubilai, Qubilay, Qublay[人]忽必烈,见Kublai

Qucha[人]忽察,273,274

Quchar[人]火察儿,203,208,212

Qudatqu bilig (Yusuf Khass Hajjib)[人](霍吉勃)玉素甫·喀什(《福乐智慧》的作者),148

Qudu'udar[人]忽都塔儿,582注

Quegianfu[地]京兆府(长安),见Changan

Quelinfu[地]金陵府(南京),见Nanking

Quian[地](马可记)长江,见Yangtze

Quilon (Coilum; Kollam)[地]奎隆,309,311,312,319

Quinsai[地](马可记)杭州,见Hangchow

Qulan[人]忽阑,215

Qulan-Bashi[地]忽兰巴什,244

Qulbar[人]忽儿巴儿,582注

Qum[地]库木,245,590注

Qumani[族]库蛮(钦察人),见Kipchaks

Qumiz[专]忽迷思,见Kumiss

Qungrad[族]昆吉剌部,421

Qurban Telesut[人]库尔班·特勒苏特,578注

Quriltat (assembly)[专]库里勒台(部落大会),213,216,217,221,256,259,269-270,273,274,282,284,285,328,333,338,353,358,584注-585注

Quriqan[人]骨利干,106,564注,578注

Qurjaquz (Cyriacus)[人]忽儿察忽思,192

Qutadmish[人]忽塔德迷失,302

Qutaiba[人]库泰拔,116-117

Qutb ad-Din[人]忽特哀丁,353

Qutb ad-Din Habash 'Amid[人]哈巴什·阿密德,328,329

Qutlugh (Elterish)[人]骨咄禄,103,106,107

Qutlugh Bilgä (Ku-li P'ei-lo; Ku-to-lu Pei-kia k'iu; Huai-jen)[人]骨咄禄毗伽阙可汗,113-114

Qutlugh-buqa[人]忽特鲁格不花,406

Qutlugh-khan (dynasty)[朝]忽特鲁汗朝,260

Qutlugh-khoja[人]忽都鲁·火者,339,382

Qutlugh-shah (dynasty)[朝]忽特鲁沙王朝,353,366

Qutlugh-shah (person)[人]忽特鲁沙,382

Qutlumish[人]库吐尔米希,见Qutulmish

Qutui-khatun[人]忽推可敦,371,372

Qutula[人]忽图剌,198,201,202,208

Qutulmish (Qutlumish)[人]库吐尔米希,150,152

Qutuqa-bäki[人]忽都花别吉,213

Qutuqtu (as title)[专]呼图克图(崇敬的,神圣的),297-298

Qutuz[人]忽都思,364,365

Quyildar (Quyildar-sechen)[人]忽亦勒答儿,210

Quyash[地]虎牙思,326

Qyzyl Arslan[人]凯佐尔·阿尔斯兰,155,158

Qyzyl-bash, Lake (Ulyungur Nor)[地]克孜尔巴什湖,205

Qyzyl-qaya[地]克孜勒卡亚,见Kizilkaya

Raab[地]拉布河,175

Rabban-ärkägün (Christian priests and monks)[人]列班—也里可温僧,300

Rabban-ata (Simeon; Li-pien-a-ta)[人]列班·阿塔,263,270,347-348,594注

Rabban Sauma[人]列班·扫马,301,302-303,313,336,368,369,372,374-375,377,612注

Raden Vijaya[人]拉登·韦查耶(土罕必阇耶),291

Radkan[地]拉德坎,390

Rahiba[地]拉希巴,385

Rai (Rhagae)[地]剌夷,雷伊,40,142,143,150,151,155,167,240,245,261,312,453,457,461,462,590注

“Rajputs”[族]拉其普特部,72

Rajyavarhana[人]罗伽伐弹那,72

Rashid ad-Din (Fadl Allah Rashid ad-Din Tabib)[人]拉施特哀丁(《史集》的作者),381,384,387;Jami-ut-Tavarikh,193,198,205,215,219,231,248,250,264,266,271,321,333,354,355,357,364-365,365-366,378,381-382,383,393,397,403,404,478,589注

Ratibor[地]拉蒂博尔,266

Rawak[地]剌窝,48

Ray Dul Chand[人]拉伊·杜尔·查德,444

Reindeer[专]驯鹿,18

Rémusat, A.[人]雷慕沙,251

Rhagae[地]剌夷,雷伊,见Rai

Rheims[地]兰斯,178

Rhine[地]莱茵河,76,78

Rhodes[地]罗德斯岛,477

Richard of Burgundy[人](勃艮地的)李嘉德,342

Rinchenpal[人]懿璘质班,321

Rogerii carmen miserabile[书]《可怜的诺基里·卡曼》,267

Roman (of Ryazan)[人]罗曼,265

Roman Empire[朝]罗马帝国,47,55,56,57,60,74-76,78-79

Roman Empire, Eastern[朝]东罗马帝国(拜占庭帝国),见Byzantine Empire

Romanus Diogenes[人]狄根尼斯·罗曼努斯,152,184

Romanus Lecapenus[人]罗曼努斯·尼卡彭努斯,181

Rome[地]罗马,57,305,374,375

Ross, Denison[人]罗斯·丹尼斯,423

Rostovtzeff[人]罗斯托夫兹夫,15,16

Roxolani[族]罗克索兰人,72

Ruas (Rugas; Rugila)[人]卢噶斯,75

Rubruck, William of[人]卢布鲁克,7,94,190,197,216,226,274,276-277,280-281,315,392-397,400,512,579注,585注,596注,597注

Ruffo, Marco[人]马可·拉菲,470

Rugas, Rugila[人]卢噶斯,见Ruas

Rui[人]沙哈鲁,51

Rukh, Shah[人]沙哈鲁,243,417,432-433,456-460,492

Rukh, Shah (活跃于1710年)[人]沙·鲁克,488

Rukn ad-Din Khoja[人](起儿漫的)鲁肯哀丁火者,353

Rukn ad-Din Kurshah[人]鲁肯丁库沙,354

Rukn ad-Din Mahmud[人]鲁肯·阿德丁-马赫默德,159,165,574注

Rumania[地]罗马尼亚,395,446

Rus[朝]罗斯,265

Russia[朝]罗斯,俄罗斯,181,182,224,247,260-261,265,270,271,395,396,404,405-406,407,419,420,433-434,436,469-473,475,477,486-490,522,532,538,540

Rustam (person)[人]罗思檀,456,457,458

Rustam (place)[地]拉斯塔姆,428

Rum[地]罗姆,153,450,614注

Rusudan[人]鲁速丹,260,263,350

Ryazan[朝]里亚赞,265,395,470

Sa'adi[人]撒迪,161

Sabaria[地]沙巴里亚,175

Sabir (Sabiri)[族]沙比尔人,172

Sabran[地]扫兰,406,435,438

Sächä-bäki[人]撒察别乞,202,203,204

Saciu[地]沙州(敦煌,马可所记),见Tunhwang

Sa'd[人]赛德,359

Sa'd ad-Daula[人]撒菲·倒剌,372-373,377

Sa'd ibn-Zengi[人]撒德·伊本·赞吉,260

Sadovets[人]沙多威兹,575注

Sadr-jihan (minister)[专]沙狄尔·吉汗(大臣),377

Safa Girei[人]沙法·格来,475

Safarids[朝]萨法尔王朝,142

Safavids[朝]萨菲王朝,462,482,483,484

Sagamoni Burcan[宗](佛陀)释迦穆尼,见Buddha

Sahib Girei[人]沙希布·格来,473

Sa'id (Sa'id-khan)[人]赛德汗,497,498,499,500

Saif ad-Din[人]赛福丁,330

Sahib-divan (as title)[专]沙黑勃迪万(理财大臣),351

Sain-khan (as title)[专]赛恩汗(意为好汗),254,395

Sain-khan (person)[人]撒因汗,赛因汗,见Batu

Sain Noyan[地]赛音诺颜,53,107,191,512

Saint-Denis, abbey of[地]圣丹尼勒(教堂),374

St. Michael of Tarel (nr. Nisibin)[地]圣米切勒修道院,368

St. Thomé[地]圣托马斯,315

Sairam (Isfijab)[地]赛拉木(伊斯法吉勃),235,423,460,463,482,492,495,496,532

Sairam Nor[地]赛里木湖,331

Sajo[地]撒岳河(《元史》作漷宁河),226,266

Saka (Sakai; Shaka; Sse)[族]萨迦,塞人(萨迦伊),xxiii,7,8,16,28-32,36,40,100,545注-546注;参见Scythians

Saka language[文]塞语,萨迦语,xxiii,29

Sakaraulai (Saka Rawaka; Saraucae)[族]萨迦劳赖人,30,31

Sakastana[地]萨迦斯坦纳,31

Sakmara (Semmur)[地]萨克马拉河,439

Saladin[人]萨拉丁,360,362

Salbak-Turkan[人]萨尔贝克突干,236

Salendi[人]萨伦迪,330

Salghurids[朝]萨尔古尔王朝,169,260,353,354,366

Sali-Sarai[地]萨里·萨莱,342,412,413

Salji'ut (Saljigut)[族]散只兀惕部,194,206,207,208,213

Saljük[人]塞尔柱克,见Seljuk (ruler)

Salmony, Alfred[人]阿尔弗雷德·沙尔莫尼,26

Salonika[地]萨洛尼卡,449

Salt Range[地]盐山,71,444

Samagir[族]萨马吉尔人,515

Saman[族]萨曼家庭,141

Samandar[地]萨曼塔尔,181,577注

Samanids[朝]萨曼王朝,141-144,149

Samara (Kuibyshev)[地]萨马拉(古比雪夫),5,440

Samaria[地]萨马里亚,362

Samarkand (Kanda; Markanda)[地]撒马尔罕,撒麻耳干(坎塔,马尔干达),xxv,xxix,30,96,116,117,118,120,141,142,146,147,153,159,160,165,168,169-170,234,237,239,243,244,253,254,255,312,326,327,328,331,332,333,335,338,340,344,345,353,369,411,412,413,421,423,425-429,432,433,435,439,445,448,453,457,459,460,461,463,464,465,481,483,484,485,492,494,496,498

Samnan[地]西模娘,240,428,461

Samuqa ba'atur[人]三木合巴儿秃,232,588注

Samur[地]萨穆尔山,441

Sanang Sechen[人]萨囊彻辰,297-298,503,504,505,506,511,515,630注

Sanatroikes[人]沙拉特洛伊克斯(辛剌特拉克斯),见Sinatrukes

Sandilkh[人]桑第克,79

Sandomierz[地]桑多梅日城,266,399

Sanga (Sang-ko)[人]桑哥,297,601注

Sangari Isaac[人]伊沙克·圣格里,180-181

Sängim[地]圣吉木,96,98

Sang-ko[人]桑哥,见Sanga

Sangs-rgyas rgya-msho[人]桑结嘉措,524,532

Sängün (Ilqa; Nilqa)[人]桑昆(亦剌合,圣公),205,206,209,210,211,212,582注

Saniz-mirza[人]米儿咱·桑尼司,494

Sanjar[人]桑伽,xxix,159-160,161,165,166,237,240,241,418,573注-574注

Sanskrit[文]梵文,49,59,96,97,101,124

Sapurgan[人]沙拉特洛伊克斯(辛剌特拉克斯),见Sheburgan

Saqsin[地]沙利格·欣(沙克新)伊提尔城,见Itil

Saracens[族]萨拉逊人,374

Saraga[地](托勒密记)洛阳,41

Sarai[地]萨莱,281,304,312,393,400,402,403,407,420,436,437,441,442,470,471

Sarakhs[地]萨拉赫斯,167,427

Saratov[地]萨拉托夫,5,10,522

Saraucae[族]萨迦劳赖伊,见Sakaraulai

Sarban[人]撒里蛮,292

Sarbedarians[族]赛尔巴朵尔人,343,390,426,427,428

Särbi[族]鲜卑族名来源,557注

Särgis[人]萨吉斯,349

Särgis (Sergius), St.[人]吉·薜儿吉斯,191

Särgis, Mar[人]马薜里吉斯,见Mar Särgis

Sari[地]萨里,429,432

Sarigh-shin[地]沙利格·欣城(伊提尔城)见Itil

Sarikol[地]萨里豁勒河,236

Sari-Uigur[族]萨里回鹘,125

Sarkel (Bela Vezha; Belaya Vezha)[地]沙克尔(白城),180,181,577注

Sarkis (Serge)[人]萨尔吉斯,358

Sarmatians[族]萨尔马特人,xxiii,7,10,13,15-17,19,25,28,40,52,72,73,78,548注;参见Alans; Saka; Scythians

Sarosios[人]萨罗秀斯,172

Sar-Otar (Tar-Ussar; Zahidan)[地]沙尔-奥塔尔(塔尔乌沙,扎希丹),620注

Sartaq[人]撒里答,277,396-397,592注,615注

Sartes (Sarta'ut; Sartaghol)[族]萨尔特人,589注

Saruhan[地]萨鲁汉,449,451,452

Sary-Su[地]萨雷河,148,149,393,403,406,435,439,478,479,480,485,508

Sas-Kya[人]萨斯迦,298,595注

Sassanids[朝]萨珊王朝,xxx,50-51,52,67-68,82-84,85,96,116,141,142

Satilmish-beg[人]萨替尔密什·伯克,335

Satoq Bughra-khan[人]博格拉汗萨图克,145

Sauma, Rabban[人]列班·扫马,见Rabban Sauma

“Sauromatians”[族]撒乌罗玛泰伊人,548注

Sava[地]萨瓦河,174,175

Savignano, Andalo da[人]安德鲁·沙维格纳诺,见Andalo da Savignano

Sayan[地]萨彦岭,xxv

Sayyid 'Abd-Allah-khan[人]赛义德·阿拉汗,488

Sayyid Ahmed[人]赛义德·阿合木,624注

Sayyid Ajall (Shams ad-Din 'Umar)[人]赛夷阿扎儿,赛哀丁乌马儿,297,601注

Sayyid 'Ali[人]赛义德·阿里,461,492,493,624注,626注

Sayyid Muhammad-mirza[人]赛义德·马黑麻·米儿咱,499

Sayyid Muhammad Rahim-khan[人]赛义德·穆罕默德·拉希姆汗,488

Sayyids[朝]赛义德王朝,432

Schefold, K.[人]舍夫德,13

Schipenitz[地]斯奇彭尼兹,4

Scythia[地]斯基泰人之地,276,392

Scythian art[文]斯基泰艺术,7,11-15,18

Scythians (Ashkuz; Skythai)[族]斯基泰人,xxiii,xxvi,4-12,15-16,17,19,21,23,28,29,40,72,546注;参见Saka; Sarmatians

Sebeos[人]亚美尼亚史学家,561注

Sebüktigin[人]赛布克特勤,143,144

Sebzewar (Shindand)[地]撒卜兹瓦儿,343,345-346,390,410,426,428,485

Sechen (as title)[专]薛禅(称号),194-195

Sechen (person)[人]薛禅汗,510

Sechen-khan (khanate)[人]车臣汗(车臣汗国),512

Sechen-khan (死于1676年)[人]车臣汗(僧格之弟,准噶尔部人),526,527

Sechen-khan (死于1691年)[人]车臣汗(喀尔喀部),529

Secret History(of the Mongols; Manghol un Niuca Tobca'an)[书]《秘史》(蒙古人的),190,197,198,201-205,209,210,212-216,218,247,250,415,544注,601注

Segon-ghar, 见Jegün-ghar[专]左翼军

Seima[地]色玛,5

Seistan[地]锡斯坦,31,32,411,415,428,429

Selenga[地]色楞格河,113,191,192,193,194,205,479,512

Selenginsk[地]色楞金斯克,558注

Seleucia[地]塞硫西亚,357,368,369

Seleucids[朝]塞硫古王朝,31,157

Selitrennoe[地]谢利特连诺耶,400

Seljuk (Saljük; ruler)[人]塞尔柱克,148-149

Seljuks[族]塞尔柱克人,xxviii,147-155,157-161,164,165,166-167,184,185,189,236,240,245,261,263,272,281,305,312,347,350,354,355,370,377,382,385,572注

Seljuk-shan[专]塞尔柱克沙赫,366

Semipalatinsk[地]谢米巴拉金斯克,254,392,478,523

Semirechye (Pishpek)[地]谢米列契耶,80,114,236,272,341,424,566注,607注

Semmur[地]萨克马拉河(《武功记》中记法),见Sakmara

Sempad[人]森帕德,269,271

Sempad Bagratuni[人]森帕德(巴格拉德尼),561注

Sengge[人]僧格,526

Sens[地]桑斯,178

Seoul[地]汉城,259,289

Sera metropolis[地](托勒密记)长安,41

Serbia[朝]塞尔维亚,449

Serbs[专]塞尔维亚人,451

Seret[地]谢列特河,177

“Serica”[地]塞里斯,xxiii; 参见Issedon Serica

Serindia[地]西域,xxi

Setsen(as title)[专]薛禅或薛层(称号),194-195

Setserlik-mandal[地]车泽尔里克曼达勒,53

Sevan, Lake[地]塞凡湖(哥克察克湖),见Gokcha, Lake

Sevata (of Kachen)[人](卡城的)塞瓦塔,360

Seven Brothers tumuli[专]七兄弟墓,15

Seyhan[人]塞伊汉,361

Sha[地]沙河,132

Sha-ch'a Chung-yi[人]沙吒忠义,108

Shachow[地]沙州(敦煌),见Tunhwang

Shad (as title)[专]设(官名),87

Shad al-Mulk[人]夏德·穆尔克,457

Shadi-beg[人]沙狄汗,443,469-470

Shafi'ites[宗]沙菲派,400

Shahi[朝]沙赫王朝,119

Shahin Girei[人]沙希因·格来,477

Shah-khan[人]沙·汗,499

Shah Namah[书]《帝王史记》,97,159

Shah-Oghul[人]沙·斡兀立,338

Shahrbaraz[人]沙赫巴拉兹,174

Shahr-i Sebz[地]沙赫里夏勃兹,见Kesh

Shahrud[地]和椟城(赫卡托姆皮洛斯),见Hecatompylos

Shajare-i Turk[书]《突厥世系》阿布哈齐著,见Abu'l Ghazi Bahadur

Shaka[族]萨迦人,塞人,见Saka

Shama-i Jahan (Sham-i Jahan)[人]沙迷查干,425

Shamakha[地]沙马哈,246

Shamanism[宗]萨满教,23,84,86,172,190,195,197,208,215,220,513

Shams ad-Din II (活跃于1279)[人]沙姆斯哀丁二世,370

Shams ad-Din II (活跃于1329)[人]沙姆斯哀丁二世,390

Shams ad-Din Juvaini[人]沙哀丁·志费尼,367

Shams ad-Din Muhammad Kert[人]沙姆斯哀丁·穆罕默德,334,352-353,354,369-370

Shams ad-Din 'Umar[人]赛丁乌马儿(赛夷阿扎尔),见Sayyid Ajall

Shams al-Mulk Nasr[人]沙姆·乌尔·莫尔克·纳赛尔,147,152-153

Shan[专]掸邦,291

Shang[朝]商朝,5

Shangkiu[地]上谷,35

Shang-shung-la[地]桑雄拉关隘,533

Shangtuho (Chandu; Cyandu; Dolonnor; Tolun Nor)[地]上都府,多伦诺尔,3,285,288,298,307,324,325,510,529

Shanhaikwan[地]山海关,127,517

Shan-man(shaman)[宗]萨满,195

Shanshan (Pingtinghsiang; Yunnanfu)[地]善阐(平定乡;云南府),鄯善(罗布泊),42-43,46,47,49,54,59,62,95,96,284;参见Lob Nor

Shansi[地]山西,19,20,25,27,34,35,47,54,56-60,63,65,90,106,107,127,129,130,131,133,137,138,164,213,227,228,232,233,301,303,307,324,325,507,510,517,519,529

Shantung[地]山东,57,58,59,64,65,137,138,229,232,308,316

Shaohing[地]绍兴,122

Sha-po-lo[人]沙钵略,88

Shanyü(town)[地]单于都护府(绥远城),见Suiyuan (town)

Shan-yü(Ch'eng-li Ku-t'u Shan-yü; as title)[专]单于(撑犁孤涂单于),20,23

Shara (Dzasagtu-khan)[人]扎萨克图汗,528,529

Shara Muren[地]沙拉木伦河(辽河),54,127,128,130,136,325,502

Shari'a (law code)[专]沙里亚法,416

Sharif ad-Din[人]歇甫里丁,410,414,434,451

Sharkhiyan[地]沙尔希延,146

Shash[地]柘析,见Tashkent

Sha-t'o (Chöl; Ch'u-yueh)[族]沙陀人(处月),100,126-127,569注

Shaukam[专]少监,233

Shayban (活跃于1240年)[人]昔班,264,266,267,393-394,478

Shaybani[人]昔班尼,见Muhammad Shaybani

Shaybanids[朝]昔班王朝,xxviii,394,460,471,478-490,508,614注-615注

Sheburgan (Sapurgan)[地]沙普甘,305,343

She-hu (yabghu)[专]合候(称号),30

Shenchow; Kaichow; Puyanghsien; Shen-yüan[地]澶州(满族地名开州,今濮阳县),132,133,570注

Shensi[地]陕西,20,25,34,53,54,57,58,59,61,66,132,136,138,232,257,283,284,285,307,518

Shen-wen (Simeon; name)[人]西蒙,301

Shenyang (Mukden)[地]沈阳,516

Shenyüan[地]澶渊(澶州),见Shenchow

She-wei[族]室韦,578注

Shibe[地]希柏,18

Shigi-qutuqu[人]失吉忽秃忽,220,231,241,242,587注-588注,593注

Shihab ad-Din Muhammad (Muhammad of Ghor)[人]希哈布·阿德丁·摩诃末,168

Shih Chung-kuei[人]石重贵,130

Shih Hu[人]石虎,58

Shih King-t'ang[人]石敬瑭,127,129-130

Shih-kuei[人]射匮,89,93

Shih Lei[人]石勒,57-58

Shih-li-mang-kia-lo (Sri Mangala)[人]失里忙伽罗,119

Shih-pi[人]始毕,89,90

Shih Pi[人]史弼,291

Shih-pu-ch'eng[地]石堡城,118

Shih-tie-mi[人]室点密,见Istämi

Shi'ites[宗]十叶派(伊斯兰教派),142-143,150,151,390,483,484;参见Islam

Shiktur (Shinktur)[人]势都儿,293

Shilka[地]石勒喀河,515

Shimonoseki Strait[地](日本)下关,289

Shindand[地]撒卜兹瓦尔,见Sebzewar

Shinktur[人]势都儿,见Shiktur

Shirämön[人]失烈门,268,273,274

Shiratori, Kurakichi[人]白鸟库吉,24

Shiraz[地]泄剌只,设拉子,151,260,343,353,390,391,419,431,432,433,436,445,456,458,462,492,495

Shirki[人]昔里吉,292

Shir Muhammad[人]失儿·马黑麻,459

Shirvan[地]失儿湾,246,398,437,441

Shisdai[人]希斯达伊,181

Shö-luen[人]社仑可汗,61

Shoping (Yuyü)[地]朔平(右玉),57,107,136

Shtetkovo[地]斯特科夫,4

Shuen-chih[人]顺治,518

Shuen-ti[人]汉顺帝,48

Shu-an (John)[人]术安,314

Shuentö[地]顺德,见Siangkuo

Shufu[地]疏附(喀什),见Kashgar

Shuja[人]沙舒贾,391,431

Shului (Sechen-khan)[人]硕垒(车臣汗),512

Shului Ubasha khongtaiji (Altynkhan)[人]硕垒乌巴什洪台吉,512,520,521,525

Shushtar[地]苏什塔尔,432

Sialkot[地]锡尔科特,71

Sian[地]西安(长安),见Changan

Siangkuo (Shuentö)[地]顺德,57,132

Siangyang[地]襄阳,138,259,282,287,307

Siao-t'ang-shan[地]小汤山,554注

Siara-osso-gol[地]萨拉乌苏河,3

Sibir (Isker)[朝]失必儿国,489,490,521

Sidon[地]西顿,364

Sidonius Apollinaris[人]西多尼斯·阿波林纳黑斯,75

Sieg, E.,[人]西格,40

Siegling, W.,[人]西格林,40

Sienyang[地]咸阳,35

Sie-p'o A-na-che[人]薛婆阿那支,99

Sie Wan-pei[人]薛万备,101

Sigebert[人]希格贝特,173,174

Sigismund (of Hungary)[人](匈牙利的)西斯基蒙德,449

Signakhi[地]塞格纳克城,238,393,406,407,435,436,438,460,479,480

Sikander-shah[人]伊斯坎达尔沙,446

Silesia[地]昔烈西亚,266,395

Siling[地]涞源县,570注

Silistra[地]锡利斯特拉,见Dristra

Silk Road[地]丝绸之路,xxii-xxiii,35,37,39-41,45,48-52,95-98,306,312

Silk trade[专]丝绸贸易,310,311-312

Silzibul[人]室点密(叶护),见Istämi

Simeon[人]西蒙,见Rabban-ata

Simeon (of Bulgaria)[人](保加利亚大公)西蒙,178

Sinatrukes (Sanatroikes)[人]辛剌特拉克斯(沙拉特洛伊克斯),31

Sincalan[地]辛加兰(广东),见Canton

Sindufu[地]成都,见Chengtu

Singidunum[地](贝尔格莱德)辛吉杜蒙,见Belgrade

Singiumatu[地]新州马头(山东),见Tsining (Shantung)

Sinhsien[地]彭城,见Pengcheng

Sining[地]西宁,118,302,568注

Sinjibu[人]叶护(室点密)见Istämi

Sinkiang[地]新疆,126

Sinlo[地]新乐,132

Sipo[族]锡伯族人,538

Sira-ordo (Golden Residence)[专]昔剌斡儿朵,269,270,271

Sirsuti[地]锡尔苏蒂,444

Sirmium (Mitrovica)[地]锡尔米蒙(米特罗维察),173

Sis[地]西斯,370

Sisian (Sitiens)[地]锡西安,608注

Sita (Siti; Syas)[地]锡塔河,265

Sitiens[地]锡西安,见Sisian

Siuan-ti[人]汉宣帝,37

Siuni[地]锡尤尼,608注

Siun-ki, Mount[地]浚稽山,36

Sivas[地]锡瓦斯,154,263,305,391,449,450

Siverskaya[地]锡韦尔斯卡亚,16

Siwalik[地]西瓦利克山,445

Six Dynasties[专]六朝,26,76

Skandagupta[人]塞建陀罗笈多,69,70

Skull, use as drinking cup[专]作饮酒器用的头盖骨,21,27,28,176,483

Slave trade[专]奴隶贸易,403

Slavs[族]斯拉夫人,175,177,178;参见Antes; Croats; Slovenes; Wends

Slovenes[族]斯洛文尼亚人,173

Smolensk[地]斯摩棱斯克,246

Smyrna (Izmir)[地]士麦那(伊兹米尔),184,419,451,452

Sobo Nor[地]索波湖,552注

Soche[地]莎车(叶儿羌),见Yarkand

Sod-nams rgya-mts'o[人]锁南坚错,513-514

So-fei Su-tan[人]琐菲速檀,见Sufi-sultan

Sögätü(So-tu)[人]速客秃(唆都),287,290

Sogdiana (K'ang-kui; Transoxiana)[地]索格底亚那(康居,河中粟特),xxii, xxv, 30,31,38,44,45,67,80,82,83,116,117,118,119,124,141;参见Transoxiana

Sogdian language[文]索格底亚那语,粟特语,96,113,124

Sogok Nor[地]索戈克湖,552注

Sok[地]索克河,440

So-ko[人]沙葛可汗,109

Sokpa[地]索克巴,525

Solang[族]肃良合人,192

Soldaia[地]苏达克城,见Sudak

Solhat (Solgat)[地]索勒哈特,402

Solokha[地]索罗克哈,10,15

Solon[族]高丽人,192,208,515,538

Somnath[地]索姆纳特,146

Sonqor[人]失克秃儿,361

Sorcery[宗]看萨满教,见Shamanism

Sorghaqtani (Soyurghaqtani)[人]唆鲁禾帖尼(莎儿合黑塔尼),212,255,272,273,275,280,358,596注

Sorqan-shira[人]锁尔罕失剌,200,582注

Sosnovaya Maza[地]索斯诺瓦雅·马札,6

So-tu[人]唆都(速客秃),见Sögätü

South Vietnam[朝]南越,见Champa

Soyot[族](兀良哈人)索约特人,见Uriangqai

Soyurghaqtani[人]莎儿合黑塔尼(唆鲁禾帖尼),见Sorghaqtani

Soyurghatmish[人]锁咬儿哈的迷失,416

Spalato[地]斯普利特,见Split

Spice trade[专]香料贸易,310,311,312-313,315

Split (Spalato)[地]斯普利特,267

Sri Mangala[人]失里忙伽罗,见Shih-li-mang-kia-lo

Sse[族]塞人,见Saka

Ssu-ma[专]司马,54

Ssu-ma Ch-ien[人]司马迁,20,30,36

Stalingrad[地]斯大林格勒(察里津),见Tsaritsyn

Staromishastovskaya[地]斯特拉米沙斯托夫卡雅,4-5

Stavropol[地]斯塔夫罗波尔,16

Stein, Sir Mark Aurel[人]奥瑞尔·斯坦因,29,48-49,52,53,96,97,306

Stephen (Vaik), St.,[人]圣·斯提芬(瓦伊克),179

Stephen (of Serbia)[人]斯提芬,451

Stone Bridge[地]石桥,见Pul-i Sengi

Strabo[人]斯特拉波,8,28,30,155,157,573注

Strigonium[地]斯特里戈里姆堡,见Gran

Stroganov[地]斯特罗甘诺夫,489

Süanhwa (Süan-tö)[地]宣化,24,25,108,229,507,510,511

Subati (Dzasagtu-khan)[人]素巴第(札萨克图汗),512

Sublime Porte[专]土耳其政府,见Ottomans

Sübötäi[人]速不台,207,214,216,226,240,245-246,247,258,260,264,266-267,395,582注,584注

Suchow (Succiu; Sugiu)[地]肃州,35,107,133,302,306,308,310,312,499

Sudak (Soldaia)[地]苏达克城,247,276,398,400,406,591注

Suddhipala[人]硕德八剌,321

Suevi[地]苏尔维,74

Su-fa[人]苏伐(姓),见Swarna

Su-fa Pu-shih (Suvarna Pushpa)[人]苏伐勃犅,99

Su-fa Tie (Swarnatep; Suvarna Deva)[人]苏伐叠,99

Sufi-sultan (So-fei Su-tan)[人]琐非速檀,499

Sugiu[地]苏州,见Suchow

Sugunjaq (Sunjaq)[人]孔札黑,355,361

Sui[朝]隋朝,66,85,88,89,90

Suiyuan (province)[地]绥远,213,301,303,318

Suiyuan (Shanyü; town),[地]绥远,25,106;参见Kuku Hoto

Sukhotai (Hsien)[朝]速古泰国,291,600注

Sulak[地]苏拉克,180,549注,556注

Sulamish[人]苏拉米什,382

Sulde (guardian genius)[专]保护神,217

Suldu[族]速儿都思,194,200

Suleiman ibn Qutulmish[人]苏里曼·伊本·库吐米施,153,154

Sultan 'Ali of Meshed[人](麦什德的)速勒坦·阿里,465

Sultaniyeh[地]苏丹尼耶,305,368,385,387,429,458,462

Sultan-shah (死于1193年)[人]苏丹·沙赫,167

Su-lu[人]苏禄,114-115,118

Sumatra[地]苏门答腊,309

Sumun (squadrons)[专]苏木(骑兵中队),530

Sung[朝]宋朝,63,131-132,133,134,136-138,139,189,258,259,282-284,286-288,296,297,304,305,516,518,593注

Sungari[地]松花江,136,515,516,517

Sung Yün[人]宋云,65,67,69,70,71

Sunjaq[人]孔札黑,见Sugunjaq

Sunnites[宗]逊尼派,142-143,145,150,152,390,483,484;参见Islam

Sunzumatu[地]索家马头(新州马头)即山东济宁,见Tsining (Shantung)

Suqnaq-tigin[人]苏格纳黑特勤,236,238

Suri Afghans[朝]苏里阿富汗,167

Su Ting-fang[人]苏定方,102-103

Sutlej[地]萨特莱杰河,444

Su-tsung[人]肃宗,120-121

Suvarna[族]苏伐家族,见Swarna

Suvarna Deva[人]苏伐叠,见Su-fa Tie

Suvarna Pushpa[人]苏伐勃犅,见Su-fa Pu-shih

Suyunitch[人]苏英尼奇,335

Suzdal[地]苏兹达尔城,265,395,407

Suzdalia[朝]苏兹达里亚公国,265

Svetoslav (Bulgar)[人]斯维托斯拉夫,402,403

Sviatopolk[地]斯威阿托颇尔克,175,178

Sviatoslav (of Kiev)[人]斯维托斯拉夫,181

Svishtov[地]斯维什托夫,76

Swarna (Suvarna; Su-fa; family)[族]苏伐家族,99

Swarnatep[人]苏伐叠,见Su-fa Tie

Syas[地]锡塔河,见Sita

Syr Darya (Jaxartes)[地]锡尔河,xxix,29,30,67,142,149,169,235,238,244,247,305,312,393,397,406,407,412,421,435,436,438,460,464,479,488,493,532

Syria[地]叙利亚,40,152,154,155,261,282,300,312,349,355,359-365,370,371,373,374,375,376,382,398,419,447-448,450;参见Mamelukes (dynasty)

Syr Tardush[族]薛延陀,92,93,565注

Szechwan[地]四川,132,258,259,282,283,284,285,307,518,533

Szentes[地]森特什,176

Szakald[地]扎卡尔德,267

Szilagyi-Somlio[地]舍拉吉-索姆利欧,8,176

Tabaqat-i-Nasiri[书]朱兹贾尼著《宗教保卫者一览表》,见Juzjani

Tabari[人]塔巴里,83,117

Tabaristan[地]塔巴里斯坦,142

Tabgatch[族]拓跋,见Toba

Tabriz (Tauris)[地]大不里士,桃里寺(元),xxvii,xxix,151,169,224,245,260,261,262,281,305,309,312,313,315,348,359,368,377,379,381,389,390,391,405,419,426,430,437,445,453,456,458

Täb-tängri[人]帖卜腾格里(阔阔出),见Kökchü

Tadzhiks[族]塔吉克人,161,237,277,327,344,381,426

Taganrog[地]塔甘罗格,16

Tagarskoye[地]塔格尔斯科耶,17

Taherten[人]塔黑屯,430,449,450

Tahir-khan[人]塔希尔汗,508

Tahmasp[人]塔马斯普,484-485

Ta-hsia[地]大夏(巴克特里亚),见Bactria

Tai[地]代郡(看平城),见Pingcheng

Taianfu[地]太原,见Taiyüan

Taibugha[人]台不花别吉,见Taibuqa

Taibuqa (Taibugha; Baibuqa; Tayang)[人]台不花,205,212,213,214,215,216

Taichow[地]代州,108

Taichu[人]泰出,204

Taiji (as title)[专]太子(称号),582注

Taijigot, Taiji'ut[族]泰赤乌惕部,见Tayichi'ut

Taiping[地]太平,137,287

Taishi (as title)[专]太子(称号),即王子,195

T'ai-tsi (as title)[专]太子(称号),即王子,195

T'ai-tsu (Chao K'uang-yin)[人]太祖(赵匡胤),131

T'ai-tsung (Sung emp.)[人]太宗(宋朝),131

T'ai-tsung (Li Shih-min; T'ang emp.)[人]唐太宗,李世民,90,92,93,94,95,98,99,100,101,102,111,134

T'ai-wang, t'ai-yang (as title)[专]大王,太阳(称号),205

Taiyiji (nobles)[专]台吉(贵族),530

Taiyüan (Taianfu; Tsining; Tsinyang)[地]太原(冀宁,晋阳),27,56,59,60,107,122,126,130,131,136,229,232,307,324,325

Takash (活跃于1084年)[人]塔卡什,153

Takash (活跃于1172-94)[人]塔喀什,167

Taka-shima[地]鹰岛,289

Taklamakan[地]塔克拉玛干大沙漠,xxii

Talamba[地]德伦巴,445

Talas (river)[地]怛逻斯河,38,67,82,83,87,120,142,145,233,234,236,244,254,273,326,327,340,342,343,386,395,422,425

Talas (Aulie-Ata; Dzhambul; Tankip; Yangi; town)[地]怛逻斯,(奥李阿塔,养吉,江布尔),67,84,93,120,141,142,147,169,277,303,312,338,423,461,492

Talekan[地]塔里寒,68

Tale-Lama[地]大理国(看云南),见Dalai Lama

Tali (kingdom)[地]大理城,见Yunnan

Tali (Caragian; town)[地]大理,284,307

Taliang[地]大梁,见Kaifeng

Taliku[人]塔里忽,338

Tallgren, A. M.[人]塔尔格伦,4,5,6,10-11,14,17

Ta-lo-pien[人]大逻便,88

Talysh[文]塔里锡文化,5,545注

Tamagha[专]塔马合,见Tamgha

Taman Peninsula[地]塔曼半岛,10,180,181,182,

Tambov[地]坦波夫,471

Tamerlane (Timurlenk)[人]帖木儿,248,300,325,328,345,346,390,391,400,406,408-453,456,479;特点,414-415,434;cruelty,428,430,431,442,444-445,450

Tamgatch-khan[人]贝里特勤,见Buri-tigin

Tamgha (tamagha; seal)[专]塔马合(印),220,586注

Tamghaj[专]拓跋,见Toba

Taming (Kichow)[地]大名,132,137,229,232,588注

Tämir[地]塔米尔河,294,528

Tana (Azov)[地]塔那(亚速夫海附近),15,16,312,313,404,405,441,442,475

Tanduc[地]托克托,见Toqto

Tang[人]唐王,518

T'ang[朝]唐朝,xxx,66-67,88,90,98,99,101-103,106-109,111-115,117-122,124-125,126-128,302

T'ang, Hou-[朝]后唐,见Hou-T'ang

T'ang Hiu-ying[人]唐休璟,118

Tang-hu[专]当户(称号),21

Tängri (khagan)[人]登利可汗,113

Tängri (Heaven), cult of[宗]腾格里(天国),20,23,84,86,106,179,217,219-220,228,244,266,270-271,354,561注,585注

Tängri bilgä[人]腾里野合俱录毗伽,122

Tängridä bulmysh alp qutlugh ulugh bilgä[人]爱腾里逻羽録没蜜施合胡禄,122

Tängridä bulmysh külüg bilgä[人]爱登里逻汨没蜜施俱録毗伽可汗,122

Tängrida qut bulmysh il ytmish bilgä qaghan[专]可汗名下赞誉之词,意为从天国获得的至高无上的权力,567注

Tängri-yin kuchundur[专]凭借长生天的力量,380

T'ang Shu[书]《唐书》,90,93-94,101,106

Tangut[族]唐兀惕(西夏),125,132,133,294,299,302,303,306,321,369,400;参见Hsi-Hsia

Tanki[地]看怛逻斯城,见Talas (town)

Tannu-Ola (Kögmän)[地]唐努乌拉,109,216,549注

Tannu-Tuva[地]唐努图瓦,544注

Tan-shih-huai[人]檀石淮,53

Taoism[宗]道教(先生),63,111,220,244,275,276,297,298,299,300;hsien-sheng (monks),602注

Tao-jen[宗]道人,见T'o-yin

Ta-pu-yen[人]塔不烟,166

Tara[地]塔拉,523

Taranchi[族]塔兰奇人,538

Tarbagatai[地]塔尔巴哈台,xxiii,xxvi,89,92,95,114,119,164,215,255,273,280,286,291,295,333,349,424,479,512,520,523,525,526,527,530,531,538

Tardu (Ta-t'ou)[人]达头,84-85,88,89,173,562注

Tardu-shad[人]达度设,93

Targhutai Kiriltuq[人]塔儿忽台乞邻勒,200,206,580注,582注

Ta'rikh-i Jahan-gusha[书]志费尼《世界征服者史》,见Juvaini

Ta'rikh-i Rashidi[书]《拉失德史》,见Muhammad Haidar II

Tarim[地]塔里木,xxii,xxiii,28,37-54,59,92,93,95-101,103,107,114-115,118,119,303,306,542;参见各绿洲条

Tarkhan (tarkhat; as title)[专]答儿罕,达干(称号),222,582注,586注-597注

Tarmashirin[人]塔儿麻失里,见'Ala ad-Din (Tar-mashirin)

Tarn, W. W.[人]塔恩,30,31

Tarqu[地](其他史料中的)萨曼塔尔,577注

Tarsa(Christian designation)[专]迭屑(基督教徒),300

Tarsus[地]塔尔苏斯,370

Tartar[族]塔塔儿人,见Tatar

Tar-Ussar[地]塔尔乌沙,见Sar-Otar

Tash Arighi[人]塔什·阿里希,411

Tashkent (Shash)[地]塔什干(柘析),29,89,96,103,116,117,119,142,235,238,244,312,338,345,411,413,415,418,419,423,425,438,439,457,463,480,481,482,484,485,488,489,492,494,495,496,508,531,532,533,540

Tash Kurghan[地]塔什库尔干,41,306

Tashtyk[专]塔锡蒂克文化,19

Tatar[族]塔塔儿(三十姓鞑靼,九姓鞑靼),139,191-192,193,198-199,203-204,206,207-208,213,227;称作蒙古人是不对的,472,585注;参见Otuz Tatar; Toquz Tatar

T'a-t'a-t'ung-a[人]塔塔统阿,190,216,220,232,250,584注

Tating[地]大宁,136,138,227

Ta-t'ou[人]达头,见Tardu

Ta-ts'in[地]大秦(罗马帝国,见Roman Empire)

Tatta, Lake[地]塔塔湖盆地,157

Tatu[地]大都(北京),见Peking

Tatung (Yünchow)[地]大同,xxiv,20,27,57,58,60,63,126,129,131,133,136,138,227,229,324,507,510,511

Taugast[族]桃花石(拓跋),见Toba

Tauris[地]桃里士(大不里士),见Tabriz

Tawaji[人]达瓦齐,见Dawaji

Tawakkul[人]泰外库勒汗,508,531

Taxation[专]税收(制度),251,253,256-257,275,300,351,352,586注,602注

Tayang (as title)[专]大王,太阳,蒙古语塔阳,190,205

Tayang (person)[人]塔阳(台不花),见Taibuqa

Tayanku (Tayanku-Taraz)[人]塔延古·塔拉兹,168-169,234

Tayichi'ut (Taijigot; Taiji'ut)[族]泰赤乌惕部,194,195,200,206,207

Tay Kiet[地]特基特湾,290

Ta-yüan[地]大宛(费尔干纳),见Fergana

Ta Yüeh-chih[族]大月氏,29

Tbilisi[地]第比利斯(梯弗里斯),见Tiflis

Tbilisskaya[地]第比利斯卡亚,73

Tebes[地]特伯斯,485

Tegin (tekin; as title)[专]特勤(称号),71,87

Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre[人]查尔丁,3

Tekes[地]特克斯河,93,491

Tekin[专]特勤,见Tegin

Tekke[地]泰凯,452

Tekrit[地]提克里特,见Tikrit

Tekuder (Ahmed)[人]帖古迭儿,367,371-372

Teletz[人]泰勒兹汗,177

Temeyen-ke'er[地]特木因—基也尔,213

Temir[地]铁米尔,336

Templar of Tyre, Gestes des Chiprois[专]提尔的圣殿骑士《奇普洛瓦故事集》,361,363

Temuge (Temuge Ochigin)[人]铁木哥(铁木哥·斡赤斤),199,213,218,230,255,269,271

Temujin[人]铁木真(成吉思汗),见Jenghiz Khan

Temür (Temür Oljaitu)[人]铁穆耳(铁穆耳完泽笃),xxx,290,291,294,295,299,302,313-314,320,321,335,336,338,380,384,403

Temür-buqa[人]帖木儿不花,325

Temutai[人]铁木台,259

Tengkow[地]定州,108

Teng-li Meu-yu[人]登里牟羽,121

Tengri hills[地]腾格里山,340

Tengri Nor (Nam Tso)[地]腾格里湖(纳木错),524,533

Teplukhov[人]特普鲁科夫,19

Terek[地]捷列克河,5,72,74,180,366,387,392,398,441,472,503

Tereshcenko[人]特里斯圣科,442

Termez[地]帖尔木兹,159,342,414

Terter, George[人]乔治·特尔特,402

Tervel[人]泰弗尔,177

Tes[地]特斯,18

Tesh (Ti-shö)[人]蒂赊,567注

Teu Hien[人]窦宪,46

Teu Ku[人]窦固,42

Teutonic Knights[专]条顿骑士团,266

Thagouri[族]塔沟里人,28

Thagouron[地]塔沟拉城,28

Thai[族]傣族(罗罗人),291;参见Lo-Lo

Thaleqan[地]塔里寒城,241

Thana[地]塔纳,312,315

Thanesar (Thaneswar)[地]塔内瑟尔,72,146,599注

Thanhoa[地]清化,290

Theodora (wife of Justinian II)[人](查士丁尼二世之妻)塞俄多拉皇后,179

Theodore (khangan)[人]塞俄多尔,175

Theodoric (Visigoth)[人]狄奥多里克,58,76

Theognostes[人]塞俄罗斯特斯,401

Theophilus, (Byzantine emperor)[人](拜占庭皇帝)狄奥菲勒斯,180

Theophylactus Simocattes[人]塞俄菲拉克特斯·西摩卡塔,84,171,172,560注,561注,575注

Thessalonica[地]塞萨洛尼基,185

Thiän-tak[地]天德(托克托),见Toqto

Thinae[地](托勒密记)洛阳,41

thirty Tatar[族]三十姓鞑靼,见Otuz Tatar

Thogara[地](希腊史家记的张掖)塔沟拉城,28,41

Thogay[人]托盖,304

Thomas (of Florence)[人]佛罗伦萨的托马斯,314

Thomsen, V. L. P.[人]汤姆森,86

Thoroana[地]塞洛亚那,41

Thozan[地]东胜(托克托),见Toqto

Thrace[地]色雷斯,6,8,9,76,157,174,182,184,399,449

Thraco-Phrygians[族]色雷斯—弗里吉亚种人,4,10

Three Kingdoms[朝]三国,54,55

Three Quriqan[族]三个骨利干部(联盟),578注

Thunderbolt Goddess[专](一种游戏)劈雷女神,134

Thuringia[地]图林,173

Tiberius II[人]提比留斯二世,84

Tibet (T'u-fan)[族]吐蕃[地]西藏,103,107,114,115,118,119,126,189,284,319,367,522-524,532-533,536;参见K'iang; Lamaism; Tangut

Tibetan script[文]藏文,298

T'ie-mai-kai[地]帖麦该川,213

T'ien[文]汉语“天”,指天神之意,219

T'ien-ho (Denha; name)[人]腆合,301

T'ien Shan[地]天山,xxi,xxiii,28,40,84,96,423,424,495,497,501

T'ien-tö[地]天德(托克托),见Toqto

Tiflis (Tbilisi)[地]梯弗里斯,179,245,246,260,263,348,399,434

Tigris[地]底格里斯河,355,357,433

Tigris[地]伏尔加河(马可记伏尔加河),见Volga

Tikrit (Tekrit)[地]提克里特,433

Ti-ku-nai[人]迭古乃,138,139

Timur[人]帖木儿(帖木兰),见Tamerlane

Timur (活跃于1415年)[人]帖木儿,470

Timurid art[专]帖木儿朝艺术,457,465

Timurids[朝]帖木儿王朝,xxviii,158,243,342,416,418,456-465,479,480,481,483,484,485,492

Timurlenk[人]跛子帖木儿,见Tamerlane

Timur-malik[人]帖木儿灭里,238,406-407,435

Timur Qutlugh[人]帖木儿·忽特鲁格,440,442,443,469,622注,624注

Timur-shah[人]帖木儿·沙,487

Timurtash[人]帖木儿塔什,387,389,447,614注

Tingchow[地]定州(中山),见Chungshan

Tingiu[地]德化,见Tö-hua

Ti-ping[人]宋帝昺,288

Tirnovo[地]特尔诺沃,403

Ti-shö[人]蒂赊,见Tesh

Tisza[地]蒂萨河,72,174,266

Titus[宗]提多,49

Toba (Tabgatch; Tamghaj; Taugast)[族]拓跋人,xxviii,xxix,57,58,60-66,81,283,288,300,558注,560注,561注;参见Wei

Toba Hung[人]拓跋弘,64-65

Toba Hung II[人]拓跋宏,65

Toba K'iao[人]拓跋恪,65

Toba Kuei[人]拓跋珪,60

Toba Siun[人]拓跋濬,64

Toba Ssu[人]拓跋嗣,61

Toba Tao[人]拓跋焘,61,62-64

Tobol[地]托博尔,439,478,489,521

Tobolsk[地]托博尔斯克,479,489,490

Töchow[地]德州,132

Tödöyän-Girte[人]托多颜·昔惕,200

Togachar[人]脱格察儿,599注

Togachi[人]秃合赤,340

Toghan Temür (1333-70)[人]妥懽帖睦尔,319,321,323,324,325,502

Toghon (Toghan; 活跃于1285年)[人]脱欢(忽必烈之子),290

Toghon (Toghon Temür; Toghan; 活跃于1434年)[人]脱欢(马合木之子),491,505-506,629注

Toghrul-beg[人]吐格利尔拜格,见Togrul-beg

Togh Temür[人]图帖睦尔,321

Toghul Timur[人]吐格帖木儿,390

Togortak[地]托加尔塔克,184

Togrul (Wang-khan)[人]脱斡邻勒(王罕),192,199,200-201,203-212,216,578注

Togrul III[人]吐格利尔,158-159,167

Togrul-beg (Toghrul-beg)[人]吐格利尔拜格,147,149-150,151-152,158,159

Tö-hua (Tingiu)[地]德化,604注-605注

Tokat[地]托卡特,263,449

Tokhari[族]吐火罗人,27-28,31;参见Tukhara

Tokharian languages[文]吐火罗语,见Kuchean language

Tokharistan[地]吐火罗斯坦,116,117,118,119,143,参见Bactria

Tokharoi[人](希腊人的)吐火罗人,28,30,31

Tokhta-qiya[人]脱黑脱乞牙,406,435

Tokien[地]乾城,46

Tokmak[地]托克玛克93,94,96,114,115,423,491

Tö-kuang[人]德光,129,130

Töläch (Tölös)[族]铁勒,60,81,89,92,93,100,565注;参见Kao-kiu; Uigurs

Tolbiacum[地]托尔比阿克,63

Tölös[族]铁勒族,见Töläch

Tolui[人]拖雷,212,229,239-243,255,258,593注

Tolui, house of[人]拖雷家族,272,273,274,292,295,329,380,394

Tolun Nor[地]多伦诺尔(上都府),见Shangtuho

Tomsk[人]托木斯克,490

Tonkin[地]东京平原,289,290

Tonyuquq (Toñuqouq)[人]暾欲谷,106,110,111,112

T'o-po[人]他钵,88,562注

Toqtai (Toqta; Toqtoa)[人]脱脱,384,402,403,404

Toqtamish[人]脱脱迷失,393,406-408,430,435-443,469,479,615注

Toqtemür[人]脱脱木儿,292

Toqto (Koshang; Tanduc; Thiän-tak; Thozan; T'ien-tö; Toshang; Tung-sheng)[地]托克托(科尚,东胜,天德),213,301,303,306,307,318,570注;参见Kweihwacheng

Toqtoa[人]脱脱,见Toqtai

Toqto'a (Toqto'a-bäki)[人]脱脱别乞,201,205,208,213,215,582注

Toqtoa-buqa[人]脱脱不花,507

Toquz Oghuz (Nine Oghuz)[族]九姓乌古思,106,110,126,145,565注,566注

Toquchar[人]脱合察,241,584注

Toquz Tatar (Nine Tatar)[族]九姓鞑靼,110,192

Toquz Temür[人]脱古思帖木儿,502-503

Törägänä[人]脱列哥那,268-269,271,330,352,595注,615注

Toramana[人]多拉马那,71

Torbitashi[人]托比塔石,583注

Torghaq (guard)[专]卫队,哨兵,520

Torghut (Törghüt)[族]土尔扈特人,488,503,510,520-522,523,525,538-539,540;参见Oirat

Torii[人]托利,53

Torks[族]托克人(乌古思),见Oghuz

Toru Haneda[人]托鲁·汉勒达,30

Toshang[地]东胜(托克托),见Toqto

Tötsing (Tsingfeng)[地]德清军(清丰县),132

Tovinsk[族]图瓦族,538

T'o-yin (tao-jen; tuinan; Buddhist monks)[宗]道人,597注,602注

Trade[专]贸易(指丝绸贸易),309-313,403;参见Silk Road

Trajan[人]图拉真,45,72

Tran Nhon-ton[人]陈仁宗,290

Transbaikalia[地]外贝加尔地区,13,25,37,208

Transcaucasia[地]外高加索地区,179,376,437

Transoxiana[地]河中地区,141-147,149,152-153,159,160,165,168,169,172,189,233,236,238,239,242,255,269,292,293,305,326,333,334,335,336,338,340,342,343,344,345,352,369,370,376,387,390,406,408-419,421,422,423,425,426,428,432,435,438,440,453,456,457,460,463,464,465,479,481-488,492-496,500,508;参见Sogdiana

Transylvania[地]特兰西瓦利亚,173,178

Tran Thaitong[人]陈日煚,284

Travancore[地]特拉万可,309,311

Treaty of Belgrade[专]贝尔格莱德条约,475

Treaty of Karlowitz[专]卡尔洛维茨条约,475

Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji[专]库楚克-凯纳尔吉条约,475,477

Treaty of the Prut[专]普鲁特条约,475

Trebizond (city)[地]特拉布松,309,312,313,314,374,453

Trebizond (empire) [王朝]特拉布松国,312,449,591注

Trifonova[地]特里波利耶,18

Tripitaka[书]《三藏》,49

Tripoli (county)[地]特里波利郡,360

Tripolye[地]特里波利耶,4

Troitsk[地]特洛伊茨克,558注

Troitskosavsk[地]特洛伊茨科沙夫斯克,25,37

Troyes[地]特鲁瓦,76

Tsaghan-gol[地]柴汗沟,549注

Tsagun Dorji (Tushetu-khan)[人]察珲多尔济(土谢图汗),528,529

Ts'aichow (Juning)[地]蔡州,258

Tsaidam[地]柴达木,212,523,524,525,526,533

Tsang (gTsang)[地]乌斯藏,298,523,524

Tsanglu (Cianglu)[地]长芦,308

Ts'ao Pei[人]曹丕,54

Ts'ao Pin[人]曹彬,131

Ts'ao Ts'ao[人]曹操,54

Tsarev[地]察列甫,400,442

Tsaritsyn (Stalingrad; Volgograd)[地]察里津(斯大林格勒),247,522

Tsereng Dondub[人]大策凌敦多卜,524,531,532,533,536,540

Tsewang Dorji Namgyal[人]策妄·多尔济·那木札尔,537

Tsewang Rabdan[人]策妄阿拉布坦,531,532,533,536,540,541

Tsewang Shab[人]策妄扎布,529

Ts'ien-Chao (Pei-Han)[朝]前赵(北汉),56

Ts'ien-Ch'in[朝]前秦,58

Ts'ien-Yen[朝]前燕,58,59

Tsifeng[地]赤峰,136

Tsinan[地]济南,137,229,232

Tsingchow (Yitu)[地]青州(益都),557注,571注

Tsingfeng[地]清丰(德清军),见Tötsing

Tsingshui[地]清水河,248

Tsining (Shansi)[地]冀宁(山西)(太原),见Taiyüan

Tsining (Singiumatu; Sunzumatu; in Shantung)[地]济宁(山东),308,316

Tsinyang[地](晋阳)看太原,见Taiyüan

Tsiyang (Ciangli)[地]滋阳,308

Tsi-Yung[人]祭彤,39

Tsong-kha-pa[人]宗喀巴,513,514

Tsoros[族]看绰罗斯部,见Choros

Tsotba Ba'atur[人]卓特巴巴图尔,526,527

Tsuglan (Diets or leagues)[专]扎格兰,530

Tsu-k'iu[人]沮渠(北凉),见Pei-Liang

Tsushima[地]对马岛,289

Tuan Hing-chih[人]段兴智,284

Tuan Kung[人]段颎,48

T'u-chüeh (Blue Turks; Kök Türk)[族]突厥人,xxii,xxiii,xxiv,8,23,79-90各处,92-95,99,100,103,106-114,116-117,120,126,127-128,171,172,173-174,176,196,216,217,224,231,256,326,417,546注,585注;参见Nu-shih-pi; Tu-lu (tribes)

T'u-ch'i[专]屠耆王,20

Tuda Mangu[人]脱脱蒙哥,401-402

Tudun (as title)[专]吐屯,87,175

T'u-fan[族]吐蕃(看藏族),见Tibet

Tughan[人]托甘汗,133,146

Tugha Timur[人]秃花·帖木儿,428

Tughlugh (活跃于1274年)[人]秃忽鲁哥,308

Tughlugh (活跃于1305年)[人]吐格鲁格,339,340

Tughlugh Timur[人]秃忽鲁帖木儿,344-345,346,409-410,411,422

Tughri[地]四塔沟里,见“Four Tughri”

Tugshada[人]吐格沙达,116,117

Tuinan[宗]参看道人,见T'o-yin

Tukhara[族]吐火罗人,28,40,68,69;参见Tokhari

Tu-k'i-che[人]突骑支,99

Tula[地]土拉河(土兀剌河),35,106,110,191,200,212,247,255,502,504,512,529,530,536

Tula-buqa[人]秃剌不花,401,402

Tu-lan[人]都兰,88,89

T'u-li[人]突利,88,89,92

Tulik[人]吐利克,344

Tultu[地]吐尔吐,551注

Tu-lu (person)[人]咄陆,95

Tu-lu (tribes)[族]咄陆部,95,102,103,109,114

Tulugma (heading-off movement)[专]拦截运动,224

Tulun-cherbi[人]咄伦·切必,589注

T'u-man[人]头曼,27

Tümed[族]土默特部,509,510,513,514,517,519,529,530,629注

T'u-men[人]土门(看布明),见Bumin

Tumen (army division)[专]土绵(万夫长),222,587注

Tumengken[人]图蒙肯,512

Tümen Sasaktu[人]图们札萨克图汗,510,514

T'u-mu[地]土木,507

T'ung-chien-k'ang-mu[书]《通鉴纲目》,132

Tungchow[地]通州,325

Tungge (Tungeli)[地]董哥泽,583注

Tung hua lu[书]《东华录》,536

Tung-ko, Lake[地]董哥泽,210

Tungkwan[地]潼关,232,257,258

Tung-nu[族]东胡,27

Tungsheng[地]东胜(看托克托),见Toqto

T'ung Shih-hu[人]统叶护,93,94-95

Tungus[族]通古斯人,xxiv,xxv,53,78,128,189,514,515-516,519;参见Jurchid; Kin

Tungus languages[文]通古斯语,xxv,127,193

Tunguska[地]通古斯卡,515

Tungwan[地]统万城,61

Tung-Wei[朝]东魏,65,66,82

Tunhwang (Saciu; Shachow)[地]敦煌(沙洲),xxii,35,36,41,52,96,133,302,305,306,312,499,536

Tupshi[地]吐帕施,36

Tuq (army division)[专](十万人的组织称为纛,587注

Tuq (standard)[专]纛(旗子),210,216,217,293

Tuqa Timur[人]秃花帖木儿,334

Tuqiti-khatun[人]秃乞台可敦,358

Toqulqu-cherbi[人]秃忽鲁忽切儿比,593注

Tuqugan[人]秃罕,见Tutuqan

Tura[地]图拉河,479,489

Turan[地]图兰,252

Turan-shah[人]图兰沙,362

Turbat-i-Jam[地]土尔巴特·杰姆,484

Turbet[族]杜尔伯特,见Dörböt

Turfan (Carachoço; Kaochang; Karakhoja; Khocho; Kiu-shih)[地]吐鲁番(高昌,哈拉火州,车师),xxii,xxiii,28,35,37,38,40,42,44,46,47,48,59,62,64,89,93,94,95,98,100,122,124,125,144,164,189,197,233,252,305,312,326,329,424,425,453,491,492,493,494,496,497,498,499,506,528,536,603注,艺术,52,96,98,122,124

Turfanese language[专]吐鲁番语,96

Türgäch[族]突骑施,见Türgish

Turgai (region)[地]图尔盖,254,392,394,403,460,478,479,522

Turgai (river)[地]图尔盖河,8,19,148,393,394,439,485,508

Turghai[人]图盖,339

Turghaq (turgha'ut; army guards)[专]土儿合兀惕(值日班者),222

Türgish (Türgäch)[族]突骑施,107,109,114-115,118

Turkan-khatun[人]秃儿罕可敦,237

Turkestan (Yasy; town)[地]突厥斯坦城(雅西城),238,438,439,479,480,481,488,492,493,496,507,526,531,532

Turkic language[文]突厥语,xxv,327,465,544注,579注-580注

Turkic script[文]突厥文,113,124

Turkman[族]土库曼人,见Turkoman

Turkmenistan[地]土库曼斯坦,164

Turkoman (Turkman)[族]土库曼人,148,149,153,155,157,158,160,161,164,185,382,385,391,418,430,431,521,522,572注

Tus (Mashhad; Meshed)[地]图斯(麦什德),167,240,241,351,352,368,376,387,425,483,484,485

Tusculum[地]图斯卡鲁姆,375

Tushetu-khan (person)[人]土谢图汗(察珲多尔济),见Tsagun Dorji

Tushetu-khan (Bodgo-khan; khanate)[人]土谢图汗,53,512,528

Tu-tsung[人]宋度宗,286

Tutuq (as title)[专](突厥语)都督,582注

Tutuqan(Tuquqan)[人]秃罕,401

Tutush[人]突吐施,154,155

T'u-yu[人]突欲,129

T'u-yü-huen[族]吐谷浑,64-65,89

Tver[地]特维尔城,265,395,404

Tyawka[人]头克汗,531,532,625注

Tyre[地]提尔,360,361

Tyumen[地]秋明,406,443,489,490,614注

Tyutshta[地]秋兹塔,66,558注

Tzelgu[人]翟尔古,184

Tzu-ch'uan[地]酒泉,35,41

Uar (Var)[族]瓦尔部,171,172

Uarkhonites (Ouarkhonitai; Uarkhuni; Varchonitae)[族]瓦尔和昆尼,82,171,173

'Ubaidallah[人]奥贝都剌汗,485

Ubasha[人]渥巴锡汗,522,538-539

Ubsa Nor[地]乌布萨泊,190,510,512,525

Uch Ferman[地]乌什吐鲁番,见Uch Turfan

Uchirtu-sechen[人]鄂齐尔图(车臣汗),523,525,526,527

Uchiyeds[族]乌济叶特人,629注

Uch Turfan (Uch Ferman; Wensu)[地]乌什·吐鲁番,40,425,541

Uchur[族]乌楚尔人,515

Udine[地]乌迪内,319

Udiyana[地]乌阇衍那,65

Ufa[地]乌发,548注

Ugä[人]乌介,见Wu-kiai

Ugechi (活跃于1267年)[人]忽哥赤,308

Ugechi (Ökächi;活跃于1399年),[人]鬼力赤,503,628注

Ugra[地]乌格拉河,470

Uigur[族]回纥,回鹘,畏兀儿,xxiv,60,81,89,100,102,110,113-114,120-122,124,125-126,128,133,144,149,164,171,180,189,190,196,197,212,216,217,220,231,233,234,250,251,252,277,319,327,417,424,425,565注-566注;参见Sari-Uigur; Töläch

Uiguria[地]回鹘地区(畏兀儿地区),244,326,329,330,335,367,417,482,493,496;参见Beshbaligh; Kucha; Turfan

Uiguristan (Ioguristan)[地]畏兀儿斯坦,305,424,461,463,491,493,495-499

Uigur language[文]回鹘语,畏兀儿语,220,243

Uigur script[专]回鹘文,畏兀儿文,113,124,125-126,220,252,277,298-299,351,601注Uiguro-Mongol,516,521

Ukenj[人]斡根赤,330,606注

Ukraine[地]乌克兰,265,266

Ulala[地]乌拉拉,525

Ulan Bator[地]乌兰巴托,见Urga

Ulan-put'ung[地]乌兰布通,529

Ulaqchi[人]兀剌黑赤,397

Uliassutai[地]乌里雅苏台,20,479,512,537

Ulja[地]斡里札,203

Üllö[地]于勒,176

Ulski[地]乌尔斯基,15

Ulu-jüz[族]大帐,见Great Horde

Ulu Muhammad[人]乌鲁·穆罕默德,472

Ulus (tribe; small nation)[专]兀鲁思(部落,小民族),193,253,579注

Ulus-begi (as title)[专]兀鲁思别吉,344,422

Ulus-irgen (organized nation or state)[专]兀鲁思-亦尔坚(国家),197,579注

Ulu-Tau (Ulugh tagh)[地]兀鲁塔山,215,393,406,435,439,478,479,485

Ulyungur Nor[地](克孜尔巴什湖)乌伦古尔湖,见Qyzyl-bash

Umai[宗]乌迈,86

'Umar-mirza[人]乌马儿·米尔咱,456,458

'Umar-shaikh (死于1391年)[人]乌马儿·沙黑(帖木儿之子),425,433,438,456

'Umar-shaikh (1469-94)[人]乌马儿·沙黑,463,494

Umehara, Sueju[人]梅原末治,24

Ummayads[朝]倭马亚王朝,116-117

Unaghan boghul[专]乌拉干,孛斡勒(奴隶、属臣),见Boghul

Unggur[人]乌格尔,588注

Ungvar (Uzhgorod)[地]乌日哥罗德,266

Uquna[人]兀忽纳,238

Ur[地]乌尔,8

Ural (Yaik; river)[地]乌拉尔河(扎牙黑河),6,181,182,186,277,392,394,407,439,471,472,478,479,480,486,522,525,531

Urals (mountains)[地]乌拉尔山,xxv,8,78,177,247,264,393-394,478,489

Uralsk[地]乌拉尔斯克,254,392

Ura Tyube[地]乌拉秋别,36,464

Urban V, Pope[人]教皇乌尔班五世,319

Urga (Ulan Bator)[地]库伦(乌兰巴托),xxi,512,514,529,530

Urgench (Gurganj)[地]乌尔根奇,玉龙杰赤,160,237,239,241,243,254,335,394,421,479,485,521,589注

Uriangkhai (place)[地]乌梁海地区,549注

Uriangkhans[族]兀良哈人,509,629注

Uriangqai (Soyot; people)[族]兀良哈人(索约特人),538,579注,582注

Uriangqatai (Uriankqadai)[人]兀良哈台,28,284,598注

Urianqut[族]兀良忽人,582注

Urmia, Lake[地]乌尔米亚湖,359

Urtupa[地]乌尔吐帕,440

Uruk-khatun[人]兀鲁克可敦,373,383

Urumchi (Urumtsi)[地]乌鲁木齐,95,536,537,538

Urungu[地]乌伦古河,61,81,89,119,205,255,272,312,479,510,523,525,538

Urus[人]兀鲁思,406,435

Uru'ud[族]乌鲁尔德部,194,210,583注

Ushin Banner[族]乌审旗,513

Uspenskoye[地]乌斯平斯科伊,见Bolgar (town)

Usrushna[地]乌拉秋别,见Ura Tyube

Ussuri[地]乌苏里江,128,133,134,515

Ust-Kamenogorsk[地]乌斯季卡缅诺哥尔斯克堡,532

Ust-Labinskaya[地]乌斯拉宾斯卡亚,16

Ust-Urt[地]乌兹特-乌尔特,164

Usun[人]兀孙,218

'Uthman (of Tekke)[人]乌斯曼,452

'Uthman I (Osman)[人]奥斯曼一世,385,389

Uthman ibn Ibrahim[人]乌斯曼·伊本·易不拉欣,168,169,237

Uturgurs (Utrigurs)[族]乌特格尔人,79,80,172,173

Uweis[人]乌畏思,390,391

Uzbeks (özbegs)[族]乌兹别克人,460,464,465,479-486,488,500,531;参见Shaybanids

Uzes[族]乌泽人,见Oghuz

Uzgen[地]乌兹根(讹迹邗),144,234,423,460,479

Uzhgorod[地]乌日哥罗德,见Ungvar

Uzindur[地]乌金杜尔,78

Uzun Hasan[人]乌宗·哈桑,459,462,470

Vaik[人]瓦伊克(圣斯提芬),见Stephen

Vais (Vais-khan)[人]歪思汗,491,492,506

Vakhsh[地]瓦赫什河,346,411

Valens[人]瓦伦丁,48

Valentinian III[人]瓦伦丁三世,76

Valentinos[人]瓦伦丁,84,85,88,172,173,

Van (town)[地]凡城,431,433

Van, Lake[地]凡湖,261

Var[族]瓦尔部,见Uar

Varchonitae[族]瓦尔昆尼人,见Uarkhonites

Vartan[人]瓦尔坦,356-357,358,360,361

Vartopu[文]瓦尔特浦文化,6

Varus[人]瓦努斯,36

Vasellus, James[人]瓦舍鲁斯·詹姆斯,371

Vasellus, John[人]瓦舍鲁斯·约翰,371

Vasili Ivanovich[人]瓦西里·伊凡洛维奇(巴西尔三世),见Basil III

Vasudeva[人]韦苏特婆,32

Venetians[族]威尼斯人,533;在克里米亚,247,312,403,404,405,442

Venice[地]威尼斯,309,314

Verkhneudinsk[地]上乌金斯克,13,558注

Verny[地]韦尔内,见Alma-Ata

Viatka[地]维亚特卡,473

Vidjaya[人]尉迟,见Vijaya

Vienna[地]维也纳,419

Vietnam[朝]越南(安南国占婆),见Annam; Champa

Viguri[族]昆奴格尔人,见Hunnugur

Vijaya (Vidjaya; Chaban)[地]佛誓,290,309

Vima Kadphises (Kadphises II)[人]维马·卡德菲斯二世,32

Vimalaksha[人]卑摩罗义,50

Visigoths[族]西哥特人,60,73-74,75,76

Vistula[地]维斯杜拉河,73,266

Vitautas[人]维托夫特,见Witowt

Vithimir[人]威塞米尔,73

Vitim[地]维季姆,515

Vitovt[人]维托夫特,见Witowt

Vladimir (place)[地]弗拉基米尔,247,265,395,407,436

Vladimirtsov, B. Y.[人]弗拉基米尔佐夫,193,194-195,201,202,204,207,215,217,222,247

Vladivostok[地]海参崴(符拉迪沃斯托克),128

Vocan[地]瓦罕,见Wakhan

vogul[族]窝古尔人,177,489

Vogul language[文]窝古尔语,576注

Volga (Itil)[地]伏尔加河(伊提尔河),10,14,72,73,173,180,181,182,186,247,264,268,270,271,276,281,282,304,312,392,393,396,397,400,402,403,419,436,440,442,472,486,521,525,540

Volgograd[地]伏尔加格勒,见Tsaritsyn

Völkerwanderung[专]民族大迁徙,16,54

Voronezh[地]沃罗涅什,7,10

Vorskla[地]沃尔斯克拉,443,469

Votiak[族]沃加克族人,489

Vozdvizhenskoye[地]沃兹德维任斯科耶,73

Vozha[地]沃查,405

Vugiu[地]婺州(浙江),见Wuchow (Chekiang)

Wahlstatt[地]瓦尔斯塔特,266

Wajih ad-Din Mas'ud[人]瓦吉黑哀丁·马苏德,390

Wakhan (Humi; Vocan)[地]瓦罕,41,118,306

Wali[人]瓦力,428,429

Wa-li-pu[人]斡离不,136

Wallachia[地]瓦拉几亚,6,75,174,175,176,184,268

Wang (as title)[专]“王”(称号),204

Wang (tribe)[族]王部,见Dörben Qoriya

Wang An-shih[人]王安石,296

Wang Chan[人]王振,507

Wang Chung-tsu[人]王忠嗣,118

Wang-khan (as title)[人]王罕(称号),192

Wang-khan (person),[人]王罕(脱斡邻勒),见Togrul

Wangtu[地]望都,128

Wan Li[人](明)万历皇帝,516

Wan Tu-kuei[人]万度归,62

Wan-yen[族]完颜部,134,136,516,571注;参见Kin

Wan-yen Ch'eng-huei[人]完颜承晖,230

Wan-yen Wu-shih (Goshi)[人]完颜希尹,139

Warfare[专]战术,见Battle tactics

"Warring States"("Fighting States")[朝]战国时代,20,24-25,26

Wassaf[人]瓦撒夫,333,338,384

Water, reverence for[专]崇拜河水,84,219,220

Waterways[专]水路,309,310

Waziristan[地]瓦济里斯坦,169

Wei (dynasty)[朝]北魏,60;参见Toba

Wei (river)[地]渭河,92,138,232,257,258,283

Wei (state)[朝]魏国,54,55

Wei, Hsi-[朝]西魏,见Hsi-Wei

Wei, Tung-[朝]东魏,见Tung-Wei

Wei-ch'ö[人]尉迟,101,115

Wei-chö Cheng[人]尉迟胜,567注

Wei-ch'ö Fu-shö[人]尉迟伏师,115

Weichow (Yüchow)[地]蔚州(幽州),106-107,108

Wei Ts'ing[人]卫青,34,35

Wenchow[地]温州,137

Wends[族]文德人,173

Wensu[地]温宿(乌什·吐鲁番),见Uch Turfan

Wen-tjong[人]王倎,288

White Horde (Chaghan-ordo; Aqordu)[族]白帐(查罕·斡耳朵,阿黑·斡耳朵),335,393,403,406-407,421,435,436,438,439,469,478-479,615注;参见Kipchak khanate; Orda

White Huns[族]白匈奴(莚哒),见Ephthalites

White Sheep[朝]白羊王朝,见Aq-Qoyunlu

Wieger, Léon[人]威格尔,21

William (of Nassio)[人](纳昔奥的)威廉,304

William (of Rubruck)[人](卢布鲁克村的)威廉,见Rubruck, William of

Witowt (Vitovt; Vitautas)[人]维托夫特,443,469

Wolf (böri)[专]狼(附离),xxvii,81,87,544注,560注

Wuchang (Wuchow; Hupeh)[宗](图腾)狼,[地]武昌(湖北),武州,284,285,287,323

Wu-che-lo[人]乌质勒,107,109

Wuchow (Hupeh)[地]武州(湖北省)(看武昌),见Wuchang

Wuchow (near Shoping)[地]武州(朔平附近),136

Wuchow (Vngiu; Chekiang)[地]婺州(浙江),308

Wu-chu[人]兀术,137

Wu Hou (Wu Tsö-t'ien)[人]武后(武则天),107,108,127

Wuhu[地]芜湖,287

Wu-huan[族]乌桓,39,54

Wu-kiai (Ugäq)[人]乌介可汗,569注

Wu-k'i-mai[人]吴乞买,136,571注

Wu-lei[地]乌垒,37

Wu-liang-ha[地]乌梁海(热河),见Jehol

Wu-ling[人]赵武灵王,20,550注

Wu-lo[人]乌禄,139

Wu San-kuei[人]吴三贵,517,518

Wu-sun[族]乌孙,29,30,34,37,38,40,45,53,552注

Wutai[地]五台山,133

Wu-ti[人]武帝,34,35,36,101

Wu Tsö-t'ien[人]武则天,见Wu Hou

Wu-tu-pu[人]吾睹补,230

Wuwei[地]武威,35,54

Xiengmai[地]清迈,见Chiangmai

Yabghu (as title)[专]叶护,82,87,560注-561注;参见She-hu

Yachy[地]押赤(看云南)见Yunnan (town)

Yadigar (Yadiyar)[人]雅迪格尔汗,475,489

Yaghma[族]样磨,572注

Yahballaha, Mar[人]马·雅巴拉哈三世,见Mar Yahballaha III

Yahya[人]牙黑牙,431,432,433

Yaik[地]扎牙黑河(乌拉尔河),见Ural (river)

Yaishan[地]厓厓山,288

Ya-ku (James; name)[人]雅各,301

Yakut[人]雅库特,xxv,544注

Yalavach, Mahmud[人]马合谋·牙剌洼赤,见Mahmud Yalavach

Yalavach, Mas'ud[人]麻速忽·雅剌洼赤,见Mas'ud Yalavach

Yamishevsk (Peschanaia)[地]雅米谢威斯克,523,532

Yang Chien[人]杨坚,88

Yangchow (Ianzu; Yangiu)[地]扬州,122,139,302,308,310,316,323

Yangi[地]养吉,见Talas (town)

Yangi-Hissar[地]英吉沙尔城,495

Yangiu[地]扬州,见Yangchow

Yang-shao-ts'un[地]仰韶村,4

Yang-ti[人]隋炀帝,89-90,98,99

Yangtze (Kian; Quian)[地]长江,57,137,138,139,259,283,284,287,293,302,304,309,310,323,516

Yang Ye[人]杨业,131

Yao Ch'ang[人]姚苌,59

Yao Chu[人]姚枢,283

Yao-shu-mu (Yoshmut)[人]尤斯姆,593注

Ya'qub[人]雅库伯,452

Yarkand (Soche; Yarcan)[地]叶儿羌(莎车)(鸭儿看),xxii,37,40,41,43,45,48,52,95,96,101,306,426,460,485,491,494,495,497,498,500,501,527,528,532,540,541,542

Yarligh (jarliq; imperial edict)[专]札儿里黑(敕令),282,597注

Yar Muhammad[人]雅尔·穆罕默德,486

Yaroslav (of Kiev)[人](基辅的)雅罗斯拉夫,182

Yaroslav (of Sternberg)[人]雅罗斯拉夫,266

Yaroslav (of Vladimir)[人]雅罗斯拉夫(弗拉基米尔的),269,395,615注

Yaroslavl[人]雅罗斯拉夫,265

Yaroslavskaya[地]雅罗斯拉夫斯卡雅,73

Yär-su[专]天地之精灵,见Yer-sub

Yasaq (jasa; jasaq; yasa; law code)[专]札撒(法典),221,230-231,252,256,275,312,328,416,418,586注

Yasd[地]耶斯特,见Yezd

Yasodharman[人]亚琐德哈尔曼,71

Yassawur[人]牙撒吾儿,340,386

Yassy[地]亚色,423

Yasun (subclan)[专]牙孙(小氏族),193

Yasy[地]雅西城(突厥斯坦城),见Turkestan (town)

Yavana (Ionians)[地](希腊人称呼)大宛,554注

Yazi[地]雅吉,423

Ye[地]邺城,58,59,60;参见Changteh

Yedigei[人]亦敌忽,见Idiqu

Yehangir[人]叶汗吉尔,526

Ye-hsien, Ye-hsien Taichi[人]也先台吉,见Esen (Esen-taiji)

Yelets[地]耶列兹城,441,471

Ye-li-k'o-wen (priests)[专]也里可温,300,602注

Yellow River (Caramoran; Kara Muren)[地]黄河,xxvi,27,35,55,60,61,132,133,136,138,176,226,232,233,257,258,283,308,510,604注

Yelmish[人]叶儿迷失,301

Ye-lü A-pao-ki[人]耶律阿保机,见A-pao-ki

Ye-lü Chih-lu-ku[人]耶律直鲁古,166,233,234,235

Ye-lü Ch'u-ts'ai[人]耶律楚材,231-232,250,251,256-257,258,268,593注

Ye-lü Hiou-ko[人]耶律休哥,131-132

Ye-lü Hsien[人]耶律贤,131

Ye-lü King[人]耶律璟,130

Ye-lü Lü-ko[人]耶律留哥,228,250

Ye-lü Lung-sü[人]耶律隆绪,131,132

Ye-lü Shih (Pu-su-wan)[人]耶律诗(普速完),166,167

Ye-lü Ta-shih[人]耶律大石,164,165,166,574注

Ye-lü Tö-kuang[人]耶律德光,见Tö-kuang

Ye-lü Yen-hsi[人]耶律延禧,136

Ye-lü Yi-lie[人]耶律夷列,166

Ye-lü Yüan[人]耶律阮,130

Yen, Hou-[朝]后燕,见Hou-Yen

Yen, Hsi-[朝]西燕,见Hsi-Yen

Yen, Nan-[朝]南燕,见Nan-Yen

Yen, Pei-[朝]北燕,见Pei-Yen

Yen, Ts'ien-[朝]前燕,见Ts'ien-Yen

Yenching, Yenchow[地]燕京,燕州(今北京),见Peking

Yenisei (people)[族]叶尼塞人,515

Yenisei (river)[地]叶尼塞河,xxiv,3,40,66,109,113,124,125,148,166,191,205,216,286,503,508,515,521,532

Yenki[地]焉耆(喀拉沙尔),见Kara Shahr

Yen-lo[人]奄罗,88

Yenmen[地]雁门,34,57,90

Yen-ta[人]俺答(阿勒坦汗),见Altan-khan

Yer-sub (yär-su; genies)[专]天地之精灵,86

Yesen Temür[人]也先帖木儿,见Esen Temür

Yesugän[人]也速根,208

Yesugei[人]也速该,192,198,199,203,578注

Yesui[人]也速亦,208,248

Yesun Temür[人]也孙铁穆耳,299,314,317,318,321

Yesut[族]叶苏特部,207

Ye-tai[族]莚哒人,见Ephthalites

“Ye-tai-i-li-t'o”[人]叶太伊里窦,68

Yezd (Yasd)[地]耶斯特,305,309,315,390,431,432,433

Yezdegerd II[人]耶斯特二世,68

Yezdegerd III[人]叶斯德苟特三世,116

Yi-che-shih[人]伊稚斜单于,35

Yichow[地]易州,132,570注

Yi-jan[人]伊然可汗,113

Yingchang (Kailu)[地]应昌(开鲁),325,502

Yingpan[地]营盘,42

Ying-tsung[人](明)英宗皇帝,507

Yi-sho (Isho; Jesus; name)[人]伊索,301

Yissu-Mangu[人]也速蒙哥,271,274,329

Yissu-Temür[人]玉昔帖木儿,293

Yi-sun[地]伊循,37

Yi-tsi-nai[地](哈拉霍托)亦集乃,见Karakhoto

Yitu[地]益都(青州),见Tsingchow

Yiwu (Hami or Lob Nor?)[地]伊吾(哈密),42,47,48

Yo Fei[人]岳飞,138

Yo-nan (John; name)[人]约南,301

Yotkan[地]约特干(于阗),见Khotan

Yüan[朝]元朝,xxx,288-321,323-325,327,339,367,396,502,503,513,519;参见Kublai

Yüan-ch'uan[地]苑川(兰州),见Lanchow

Yüan Shih[书]《元史》,198,205,206,208,212,213,214,215,229,231,588注

Yüchow[地]禹州(看钧州),见Kunchow

Yu-ch'u-kien[人]於除鞬,46

Yüeh-chih[族]月氏人(看贵霜),27-32,34,35,40,45,46,49,68,69,551注;参见Kushans

Yulduz[地]裕勒都斯,xxiii,46,67,80,83,84,93,173,338,413,419,422,424,425,460,461,463,493,495,497,498,506,539

Yülin (Fungchow)[地]榆林,25,107,511

Yümen[地]玉门,35

Yümen Kuan[地]玉门关,41

Yüncheng[地]郓城,301

Yünchow[地]云州(大同),见Tatung

Yunchung[地]云中,106

Yung-cheng[人]雍正皇帝,518,536,537

Yung-li (Yung-ming)[人]永历(永明),518

Yung Lo[人]永乐皇帝,453,456,459,503,504,505

Yung-ming[人]永明(永历),见Yung-li

Yungping[地]永平,108,127,230,517,557注

Yunkang[地]云岗,64

Yunnan (Caragian; Caraian; Nanchow; Tali; kingdom)[朝]云南国,283-284,307-308,518,598注

Yunnan (Iaci; Yachy; town)[地]云南,307

Yunnanfu[地]云南府(善阐),见Shanshan

Yunus[人]羽奴思,461,463,480,481,492,493-494,494-495,497,498,507

Yüqunan[人]玉忽南,583注

Yüräk[人]玉剌克,301

Yuriel[地]尤利城,407,436

Yurii (of Ryazan)[人](里亚赞的)尤里,265

Yurii (of Vladimir)[人](弗拉基米尔)尤里,247

Yurii II (of Suzdalia)[人](苏兹达里亚大公)尤里,265

Yuri Konchakovich[人]尤里·科思察科维奇,591注

Yurt (grazing land)[专]禹儿惕(牧地),221-222,253

Yusuf[人]玉素甫,541

Yusuf Khass Hajjib, Qudatqu bilig[人](霍吉勃)玉素甫·喀什《福乐智慧》,148

Yusuf Sufi[人]玉素甫·苏菲,421

Yuyü[地]右玉(朔平),见Shoping

Zabdat at-Tavarikh[书]《史记实录》,499

Zabergan (Zamergan)[人]扎伯干,79

Zafer-name[书]《武功记》,342,343,345,410,411,413,414,415,418,423,424,427,430,431,433,435-444各处,448,449,451

Zagan[人]察甘,见Chagan

Zagros[地]扎格罗斯山,169

Zahidan[地]扎希丹(沙尔-奥塔尔),见Sar-Otar

Zain al- 'Abidin[人]赞·阿比丁,431,432

Zaisan, Lake[地]斋桑湖,190,215,523,525,527,532,533

Zamergan[人]扎伯干,见Zabergan

Zaranj[地]扎兰季,428

Zaya Pandita[人]扎雅班第达,520

Zayton[地]刺桐(泉州),见Chüanchow

Zemarchos[人]蔡马库斯,84

Zenjan[地]赞詹,240,245,391

Zerin[地]泽林,364

Ziebil[人]札比尔可汗,179

Ziyad ibn-Salih[人]齐雅德·伊本·萨里,119-120

Znamenka[地]兹纳缅卡,18

Zodan[人]佐登,175

Zoroastrianism[宗]琐罗亚斯特教,7

Zubov[地]祖波夫,16

Zurulum (Corlu)[地]祖鲁姆(乔尔卢),174,184