(下面的页码是指原书页码)
Aachen[地]亚琛,见Aix-la-Chapelle
Abagha[族]阿巴噶部,517
Abakan[地]阿巴坎草原,558注
Abakhai[人]阿巴亥(努尔哈赤之子),517,518
Abaqa[人]阿八哈,296,304,305,333,334—335,366—372,398
Abares, Abaroi[族]阿瓦尔人,见Avars
Abatai[人]阿巴台,512
'Abbas (the Great)[人]阿拔斯大帝,485
Abbasids (Baghdad caliphate)[朝]阿拔斯王朝(巴格达哈里发王朝),xxx, 141,147,150,151,158,169,189,237-238,245,261,269,282,312,349,353,354-356,357,359,398
Abbaswali[人]阿布兹瓦力沙,421
'Abd al- 'Aziz[人]阿布阿兹,488
'Abd al-Karim[人]阿布都·哈林,500
'Abd-Allah[人]阿布都拉(死于1452年),460
'Abd-Allah[人]阿不德·阿拉赫(活跃于1750年),541
'Abd-Allah II (1557-98)[人]阿不德·阿拉赫二世,485,487
'Abdallah ibn-Qazghan (Mirza 'Abdallah)[人]米儿咱·阿布达拉赫,343,345,409
'Abd-Allah Tarkhan-beg[人]阿布杜拉·塔尔汗伯格,531
'Abd al-Latif[人]阿不都·拉迪甫(死于1450年),460
'Abd al-Latif[人]阿不杜拉迪甫(拉失德的长子)(活跃于1540年),499
'Abd al-Malik I,[人]阿布德·阿尔-马立克一世,143
'Abd al-Malik II[人]阿不德·阿尔-马立克二世,144
'Abd al-Mu'min[人]阿布德·穆明,485,486
'Abd ar-Rahman[人]奥鲁剌合蛮,268,271-272
'Abd ar-Rashid[人]阿不都·拉失德,499-500
'Abd ar-Razzaq[人]阿布德·拉扎克,390
'Abd ar-Razzaq Samarqandi Matla'es-sa'dein,[书]《两幸福之会合》作者阿布德·拉扎克·撒马尔干第,459,624注
Abeskun[地]阿贝什昆,240
'Abish-khatun[人]阿必失可敦,366
Ablai (Ablai-taiji)[人]阿布赖台吉,522,523,525,526
Abraham, Mar[人]马·雅巴拉哈,见Mar Abraham
Abramovka[地]阿布拉莫威卡,4
Abu 'Ali[人]阿布·阿里,143-144
Abu Bakr[人]阿布·巴克尔(1231-60),353,354,359
Abu Bakr[人]阿布·别克尔(活跃于1298年),335
Abu Bakr[人]阿布·巴克尔(活跃于1403年),435,451,456,458
Abu Bakr[人]阿布·巴克尔(活跃于1460-1514年),494,495,497
Abu 'l Faiz[人]阿布勒费兹,486
Abu 'l Fath Muhammad[人]阿布儿·法斯·穆罕默德,588注
Abu 'l Ghazi,[人]阿布·哥志,486
Abu 'l Ghazi Bahadur, Shajare-i Turk,[人]阿布哈齐,《突厥世系》,214,252,406,487-488
Abu 'l Khair[人]阿布海儿,460,479,480-481,489,615注
Abu 'l Muzaffar Yusuf[人]阿布儿·穆扎菲·玉素甫,588注
Abu Sa'id[人]不赛因(1317-34年),387,389,396
Abu Sa'id[人]卜撒因(死于1469年),460-462,463,464,479
Achaemenids[朝]阿赫门尼德王朝,9,12,13,15,28,545注-546注
A-chu[人]阿术,286-287
Acre[地]阿迦,305,349,360,363,364,373
Adai[人]阿台,505,506
Adaj[地]阿台,254,392
Adana[地]阿达纳,370
Adrianople[地]亚德里亚堡,157,174,184
Adriatic[地]亚德里亚,267
Adzai[人]阿占,506
Aëneolithic period[专]铜石并用时期,5
Aetius[人]埃提乌兹,76
Afghanistan[地]阿富汗地区(参看伽色尼王朝,古尔王朝,克尔特人),346,409,411,412,414,419,429,456,457,487;参见Ghaznavids;Ghorids;Kerts
Agni[地]焉耆(喀拉沙尔),见Kara Shahr
A-ha-ma[人]阿哈马·费纳客忒,见Ahmed (1486/87-1503);Ahmed Fenaketi
Ahmed[人]阿黑马德(活跃于1089年),147,153
Ahmed[人]帖古迭儿(活跃于1282年),见Tekuder
Ahmed[人]阿合木(活跃于约1387年),431,432,433
Ahmed[人]阿黑麻(活跃于1460-81年),470-471,489
Ahmed[人]阿黑麻(1469-94),463,464,494
Ahmed[人]阿赫麦德(A-ha-ma;1486/87-1503),482,495,496
Ahmed (the Durrani)[人]阿黑麻,488
Ahmed al-Khalidi[人]阿赫麦德·哈里迪,377
Ahmed Fenaketi (A-ha-ma)[人]阿合马·费纳客忒,297,601注
Ahmed Jelair ibn-Uweis[人]阿合木·札剌儿·伊本·乌畏思,390,429,430,433,434,435,437,447,450,456
Ahmed-khoja[人]阿哈玛特和卓,528
Ahmed Razi[人]阿哈木拉齐,500
Ahura-Mazda[宗](阿乌兹达神)阿胡拉马兹达神,见Ormazd
Aibeg[人]艾伯格,348-349
Ai-buqa[人]爱不花,301,302,303,599注
Ailah[地]伊犁河,见Ili
'Ain Jalud[地]艾因贾卢特,364,398,446
'Aintab[地]加济安特普,447
Ai-sie[人]爱薜(伊萨),见'Isä
Ai tängridä qut bulmysh alp bilgä[人]爱登里啰汨没蜜施合毗伽可汗,122
Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen)[地]埃克斯-拉-夏佩勒,175
Ajanta[文]阿旃陀,51,52,96
'Ajlun[地]阿杰伦,363
Akcay[地]阿克恰伊,623注
Akhshunwar (Akhshunwaz)[人]阿克希瓦,68
Akhsi[地]阿赫昔,482,496
Akhtanizovka[地]阿赫坦尼诺夫卡,16
Akhtuba[地]阿赫图巴,442
Akmolinsk[地]阿克摩棱斯克,254,392
Aksaray[地]阿克萨赖,350,359
Aksehir[地]阿克谢希尔,382,451
Aksu (river)[地]阿克苏河,369,398
Aksu[地]阿克苏城(参看姑墨,拨换城),40,43,44,46,47,95,101,114,344,422,426,460,461,482,493,494,496,497,498,500,537,538,541
Aktyubinsk[地]阿克纠宾斯克,254,394,440,460,478,480
A-ku-ta[人]阿骨打,134,136,515-516
'Ala ad-Din[人]阿拉丁(火炮手,工程师)(活跃于1272年),287
'Ala ad-Din[人](苏丹)阿拉丁(活跃于1390年),452,623注
'Ala ad-Din (Tarmashirin;约1326-33年)[人]答儿麻失黑,341,387
'Ala ad-Din Juvaini[人]志费尼,见Juvaini
'Ala ad-Din Kai-Qobad (Kaybobad)I[人]凯库巴德一世,261
'Ala ad-Din Khilji[人]阿拉丁·哈勒吉,339,443
'Ala ad-Din Muhammad (Muhammad of Khwarizm)[人]摩诃末,167-169,234,236-240,244,245,418,589注
Alaghai-bäki[人]阿剌该别吉,227,301
Alai[地]阿赖山,41
Alaka[人]阿剌加(迪杰拉克),见Jaylak
Ala-Kul[地]阿拉湖,424
Al'altun (Altun-bäki)[人]阿勒屯别吉,234,330
Alamut[地]阿剌模忒,354,364
“A-lan[地]阿兰塞,”210
Alan-qo'a[人]阿兰豁阿,193
Alans (As; Asod)[族]阿兰人(阿速人),29,72,73,74,75,78,172,246,265,281,304,402,442,503,504,505,552注,559注;参见Asianoi;Asioi
Alaqmaq[地]阿拉喀马克,272,273,394
Alaqush-tigin[人]阿剌忽失的斤,213,227,250,301
Alashan[地]阿拉善,xxii,55,132,226,247
Alatagh[地]阿拉塔黑,359
Ala-Tau,[地]阿拉套,xxiii,272,423
Alba-Iulia[地]阿尔巴尤利亚,267
Albatu[专]部属,530-531
Albistan[地]阿尔比斯坦,370
Alchidai (Alchidai-noyan)[人]阿勒赤歹,210,215-216
Alchi Tatar[族]按赤塔塔儿部,208
Alchun[族]金人,见Kin
Aleksandrov[地]亚历山德罗夫,246
Aleppo[地]阿勒颇,152,154,155,349,360,361,362,365,371,382,398,447
Alexander (mountains)[地]亚历山大山,见Krighiz
Alexander Nevsky[人]亚历山大·涅维斯基,395
Alexandretta[地]亚历山大里塔,155
Alexandria[地]亚历山大里亚,398,533
Alexandropol[地]亚历山大堡,10,16
Alexius Comnenus[人]阿历克塞·科蒙勒努斯,184
Alghu (Alughu)[人]阿鲁忽,286,331-332,336,397,420
'Alim[人]爱里木汗,488
Alima[人]爱里马丞相,629注
'Ali Mu'ayyad[人]阿里·穆雅德,428
Alinjaq[地]阿林加克,434
'Ali Shir[人]察儿·阿里·失儿·纳瓦依,见Mir 'Ali Shir Newa'i
'Ali-tigin[人]阿里特勤,146,149
Aljigidai[人]晏只吉带,242
Alma-Ata (Verny)[地]阿拉木图(韦尔内),422
'Ali (Of Astrakhan; 活跃于1516年)[人](阿斯特拉罕的)阿里,473,475
'Ali (Ha-li;活跃于1473年)[人]阿力,494,627注
'Ali (of Kipchak; 活跃于1501年)[人](钦察汗)阿里,471
'Ali (of Meshed; 死于约1513年)[人](麦什德的)速勒坦·阿里,见Sultan 'Ali
'Ali (of Samarkand; 活跃于1498)[人](撒麻耳干的)阿里,464,481
'Ali (son-in-law of the Prophet)[人](先知的女婿)阿里,447,448
'Ali beg[人]阿里别克,428
Almalik[地]阿力麻里,234,235-236,238,244,282,292,305,312,319,326,331,341,342,353,400
Alp Arslan ibn Chagri-beg[人]阿尔普·阿尔斯兰·伊本·查基尔拜格,147,152,184
Alp Qutlugh (Ho Ko-tu-lu)[人]阿尔普·骨咄禄(合骨咄禄),121,122
Alptigin[人]阿尔普特勤,143
Alquibula'a[地]阿勒忽不剌,207
Altai (Altun)[地]阿尔泰山,xxi, xxiii,xxiv-xxv,xxvi,14,18,19,25,39,81,83,93,109,114,189,208,214,215,222,234,235,280,338,424,479,508,540
Altaic languages[文]阿尔泰语系(参看蒙古语、通古斯语、突厥语),xxv,189,544注;参见Mongol language; Tungus languages; Turkic language
Altai-Su[地]阿尔泰河,214
Altan (Altan-ochigin)[人]阿勒坦(阿勒坦·斡赤斤),198,202,208,209,211,212,581注
Altan-khan (khanate)[朝]阿勒坦汗国,见Altynkhan (khanate)
Altan-khan (person; Yen-ta)[人]阿勒坦汗(俺答),510,513-514,520,539,540,587注
Altan-ordo[朝]金帐汗国(阿尔坦斡耳朵),见Golden Horde
Altan uruk(imperial or golden clan)[族]黄金氏族,217,221
Alti-shahr[地]阿尔蒂沙尔(喀什噶尔),见Kashgaria
Altun[地]阿尔泰山,见Altai
Altun-bäki[人]阿勒屯别吉,见Al'altun
Altun-ordu[朝]金帐汗国(阿尔浑斡耳朵),见Golden Horde
Altyn-khan (khanate)[朝]阿勒坦汗国,512
Altyn-khan (person)[人]硕垒乌巴什洪台吉,见Shului Ubasha khongtaiji
Alughu[人]阿鲁忽,见Alghu
A-lu-t'ai[人]阿鲁台,见Aruqtai
Aman(clemency)[专]阿门(宽恕),434
Amankoh (Ishkalcha)[地]阿曼科赫堡(伊斯卡察),386,427
Amasanji (Amasanji-taiji)[人]阿马桑赤台吉,493,507,508
Amaterasu[专](日)天照大神,134
Ambaqai[人]俺巴孩,198,200,228
Amid[地]阿米德(迪亚巴克尔),见Diyarbakir
Ammianus Marcellinus[人]阿米安努斯·马尔克里努斯,74-75,190
Amroha[地]阿姆罗赫,339
'Amr ibn el-Laith[人]阿马尔·伊本·埃-勒斯,142
Amu Darya (Oxus)[地]阿姆河(亚克苏斯河),xxix,30,83,85,142,146,147,158,164,166,167,168,239,240,244,282,331,333,334,340,342,343,345,353,366,393,412,414,418,438,484,485,486,487
Amul[地]阿模尔,429,432
Amur[地]黑龙江,xxvi,192,515,519
Amurdara[人]阿穆尔达喇,629注
Amursana[人]阿睦尔撒纳,537-538,541
Anacargou[地]哈拉-土尔盖河,见Kara-Turgai
Anagai[人]阿纳盖,85,173
Anakast[人]阿纳卡斯特,84
A-na-kuei[人]阿拉环,80,81
Ananda[人]阿难答,294,299,300,321,605注
Ananino[文]安纳尼诺文化,14,15,73
Anapa[地]阿纳帕,16
Anash[地]阿纳什,558注
Anatolia[地]安纳托利亚,152,154,155,157,164,385,387,389
Anchialus[地]安齐阿卢斯,174,177
Anda (sworn brothers)[专]安答(结义兄弟),201
Andalo da Savignano[人]安德鲁·沙维格纳诺,313
Andereb[地]安德里布,343
Andersson, J. G.[人]安德森,13
Andizhan[地]安集延,169,423,426,463,482,492
Andkhoi[地]安德·克霍,168,343
André de Longjumeau[人]安德烈·德·朗朱米,273,349
Andrew (活跃于1290年)[人]安德鲁,见Chagan
Andrew (of Nassio)[人]安德鲁,304
Andrew (of Perugia)[人](佩鲁贾的)安德鲁,314,605注
Andronicus II[人]安德努尼卡斯二世,374,385
Andronovo[文]安德罗诺沃文化,5
Androphagi[人]安德罗法吉人,10,11
Angaraland[地]安加拉,xxi
Angevins[专]安哲文舰队,374
Anhwei[地]安徽,58,138,287
Ani[地]阿尼,263
Animal art[文]动物艺术,4-5,12-17各处,24-26,50,176,547注
Ankara[地]安卡拉,450,451,452
Anking[地]安庆,287,310
An Lu-shan[人]安禄山,120,128
Annam[地]安南国,284,289,290
Annam, French[地]安南国(法属),见Annam; Champa
An Shih-kao[人]安世高,49
Ansi[朝]安息,47,98
Antes[族]安特人,173
Antioch[地]安条克,40,155,349,360,361
Antiochos VII[人]安提珂七世,31
Anyang[地]安阳,5,8
Ao-lo po-ki-lie[人]阿罗·波吉乃,197-198
A-pao-ki (Ye-lü A-pao-ki)[人]阿保机,128,129,515
Ap-ili[地]伊犁河流域,423
Aq-khoja[人]阿克霍札,372
Aq-ordu[朝]阿黑·斡耳朵(白帐),见White Horde
Aq-Qoyunlu (White Sheep)[朝]阿克科雍鲁朝(白羊王朝),160,391,459,462
Aqsu[人](察合台汗)阿克苏,492
Aqsu[地]阿克苏河,见Aksu
Aqtagh[地]埃克塔山,84
Aqtaghlik[朝]白山派,501,527-528,541
Aquchu (A'uchu)[人]阿忽出,582注
A Qudu[人]忽都,595注
Aquileia[地]阿奎洛尼亚,76,78
'Arab Muhammad[人]阿拉不·穆罕默德,487,521
Arad(commoners)[专]阿剌抽(平民),195,222
Aragon[专]阿拉贡舰队,374
Arakhosia[地]阿拉霍西亚,31
Aral Sea (Lake Aral)[地]咸海,xxix,38,55,67,72,73,80,82,85,126,155,165,166,185,264,335,393,420,521,523
Aramaean language[文]阿拉米亚文,113
Ararat, Mount[地]亚拉腊山,359
Aras (Araxes)[地]阿拉斯,261,347,348,462
Arban(army captain)[专]阿尔班(十夫长),222
Arbela (Erbil)[地]埃尔比勒,262,368,379,383
Arcadiopolis[地]阿卡迪奥波利斯(卢累布尔加兹),见Luleburgaz
Archers(qorchin)[专]箭筒士(豁儿赤),582注
Archers, mounted[专]马上弓箭手,7,8,23,75,223,224,553注-554注
Ardashir Togachi[人]阿答乞儿·脱花赤,459
Ardebil[地]阿尔德比勒,246
Arghasun (Harqasun)[人]阿尔哈森,608注
Arghun[人]阿鲁浑,296,304,308,309,313,367,372-376各处,379
Arghun Agha[人]阿儿浑阿合,269,281,352,376
Argun[地]额尔古纳河,192,207,211,255
Arimaspi[族]阿里玛斯波伊人,547注
Arin-taize[人]阿林太子,582注
Ariq-bögä[人]阿里不哥,280,281,285-286,291,331,332,363,397,456
Ariq-qaya[人]阿里海牙,286,287
Arjish[地]阿尔吉斯,见Ercis
Ärkägün (ärkä'ün; Nestorian priests),[专]也里可温,300,602注
Arlad[族]阿鲁剌惕部,见Arulat
“Armalech[地]阿力麻里,”见Almalik
Armavir[地]阿尔马维尔,16,73
Armenia[地]亚美尼亚,152,431,449;大亚美尼亚,263,430,433;小亚美尼亚(西里西亚),8,9,263,264,269,271,281-282,305,312,347,360,361,362,363,370,371,379,382,384
Armenians[族]亚美尼亚人,357,358,360,361,362,364,371
Arne T. J.[人]阿勒,24,26
Arnulf[人]阿尔鲁尔弗,178
Arpa[地]阿尔帕,423
Arpad (family)[族]阿尔帕德家族,178
Arpad (9th cent.)[人]阿尔帕德(9世纪人),178
Arpagaon (Arpakawan)[人]阿尔巴合温,389
Arqai[人]阿尔凯,588注
Arran (Karabakh)[地]阿兰(卡拉巴赫)草原,261,262,263,347,348,353,359,430,437,450,462,594注
Arrian[人]阿里安,547注
Arshal Atar[地]阿沙尔阿塔,423
Arslan (活跃于726年)[人]阿尔斯兰,117
Arslan (1156-72)[人]阿尔斯兰,166,167
Arslan (活跃于1211年)[人]阿尔斯兰,234,238
Arslan Ahmed[人]阿尔斯兰·阿黑马德汗,164
Arslan Ilek Nasr[人]阿尔斯兰·伊列克·纳斯尔,144,145,146
Arslan Isra'il[人]阿尔斯兰·伊斯莱尔,149
Arslan-khan (约1032-55年)[人]阿尔斯兰汗,147
Arslan-khan (活跃于1130年)[人](哈拉汗朝地区汗)阿尔斯兰汗,159,573注
Arslan-khan (活跃1211)[人]阿尔斯兰,见Arslan
Arslan-shah (1161-75)[人]阿尔斯兰·沙赫,158,159
Artebanus II[人]阿尔班努斯二世,31
Artena-oghlu[族]阿尔特纳—乌鲁氏族,391
Artsakh[地]阿特沙赫,608注
Arulat (Arlad)[族]阿鲁剌惕部,194,200,223
Aruqtai (A-lu-t'ai)[人]阿鲁台,503,504,505,628注
Aru-rarja[地]拉加寺地区,见Lakiashih
As[族]阿息人(参看阿兰人),见Alans
Ascelin[人]阿瑟林,348,349
Asha-gambu[人]阿沙甘不,247
A-shih-na Hien[人]阿史那献,114,115
A-shih-na Mi-shö[人]阿史那弥射,103
A-shih-na Pu-chen[人]阿史那步真,103
A-shih-na Shö-eul[人]阿史那社尔,99,100,101-102
Ashkuz[族]斯基泰人,见Scythians
Ashraf (死于1343年)[人]阿失剌甫,389,405
Ashraf, al-(活跃于1230)[人]阿尔·阿昔剌夫,261
Ashraf Musa, al-[人]阿什拉夫·穆萨,362
Asianoi,29,30,[族]阿息洛伊人;参见Alans
Asioi, 29,30,552注,553注[族]阿息人(阿兰人);参见Alans
Askys[地]阿什克什河,558注
Asod[族]阿苏特部(看阿兰人),见Alans
Asparukh[人]阿斯帕鲁赫,177
Assassins[宗]暗杀派,见Isma'ilis
Assur[族]亚述人,7
Assyria[朝]亚述帝国,6,7,8-9,11,12
Assyrian art[文]亚述艺术,4,11-12,13,15
Asterabad[地]阿斯特拉巴德,428,429,464,484,485
Astrakhan (Hajji-tarkhan)[地]阿斯特拉罕,441,442,471,472,473,475,486,521,522,540
Astrakhanids (Janids)[朝]阿斯特拉罕王朝,486,488
Ata(father; as title)[专]阿塔(父亲,一个称号),316
Atabeg[专]阿塔卑(封建主),158,169
Atagaroghai[地]阿塔合儿灰(卡拉图尔盖河),见Kara-Turgai
At-Bashi[地]阿忒八失河,423
Atelkuzu[地]阿特尔库祖,177,178,181,182
Atrek[地]阿特里克河,429
Atrek-Kul[地](巴尔喀什湖)阿特里克湖,见Balkhash,Lake
Atsiz[人]阿特西兹,159,160,166,573注-574注
Attali[朝]阿塔鲁王朝,157
Attila[人]阿提拉,38,75-76,78,248,267-268
Ätügän (Ïtügän)[地]於都斤山,561注
A'uchu[人]阿忽出,见Aquchu
Augsburg[地]奥格斯堡,179
Aulie-Ata[地]奥李·阿塔,见Talas (town)
Aunjetitz[地]奥涅提兹,4
Aurelian[人]奥列里安,73
Aurel Stein[人]奥瑞尔,斯坦因,见Stein, Sir Mark Aurel
Aurignacian culture[文]奥瑞纳文化,3
“Aurignacian Venus”[文]奥瑞纳女神像,3
Austrasia[朝]奥地利,173,174
Avak[人](梯弗里斯牧师)阿瓦克,358
Avares, Avari[族]阿瓦尔人,见Avars
Avaria[地]阿瓦尔人之地,175-176
Avars (Abares; Abaroi; Avares; Avari)[族]阿瓦尔人,xxiii-xxiv,xxviii,67,79,82,84-85,171-177各处,193,546注
Avicenna[人]阿维森纳,244
Ayamish[人]阿牙迷失,302
Ayas[地]剌牙思(拉齐卡),见Lajazzo
Aydin[地]艾登,449,451,452
Ayil(camps)[专]阿寅勒,196
Ayman, aymaq(tribes or army corps)[专]爱马克(部,或军团),516,530
Ayoshka[地]阿约什卡,558注
Ayuka[人]阿玉奇,522
Ayurparibhadra[人]爱育黎拔力八达,见Buyantu
Ayurshiridhara[人]爱猷识礼达腊,324,325,502
Ayyub[人]阿优布,541
Ayyubids[朝]阿尤布王朝,189,261,359-365各处
Azerbaijan[地]阿塞拜疆(阿哲儿拜占),151,155,158,169,240,245,260,261,262,263,309,315,334,339,359,361,366,368,389,390,398,405,429,430,437,456,458,459,461,462
'Aziz, al-[人]阿尔·阿吉兹,360
Azov (town)[地]亚速(城)(参看塔那),见Tana
Azov, Sea of[地]亚速海,15,79,80,172,173,176,177,181,182,246,407,436
Baalbek[地]巴勒贝克,447
Ba'arin[族]八邻部,194,202,218,599注
Ba'atur(as title)[专]巴阿秃儿(称号),194,222
Ba'atur (Ba'atur-khongtaiji)[人]巴图尔洪台吉,523,526,540
Babulsar[地]麦什德·萨尔,见Meshed-i-Sar
Baber[人]巴布尔,417,464,482,483,484,497,498
Babur-mirza[人]巴布儿·米儿咱,460,461
Babylon[地]巴比伦,7,9
Bachanak[人]佩彻涅格人,见Petchenegs
Bacninh[地]北肮,290
Bactra (Balkh)[地]巴尔赫,巴里黑城,xxi,40,68,85;参见Balkh (city)
Bactria (Balkh; Ta-hsia; Tokharistan)[地]巴克特里亚(大夏,吐火罗斯坦),xxii,28-32各处,51,67-71各处,82-83,85,93,172;参见Balkh (region);Tokharistan
Badai[人]把带,210
Badakhshan (Badascian)[地]巴达克山,65,69,70,71,305,312,340,346,409,411,414,542
Badi'az-Zeman[人]巴迪·匝曼,465,481
Badma Sambhava[人]巴德马沙布黑威,629注
Badr ad-Din Lulu[人]别都鲁丁卢卢,263-264,359,366
Baga-tarkhan[人]莫贺达干,115,566注
Baghatur(as title)[专]巴哈秃儿(称号),194
Baghdad[地]巴格达,报达,151,355-356,357,359,367,368,389,390,397,420,426,429,430,433,434,435,450,456,458,462
Baghdad,caliphate[朝]巴格达哈里发朝,参看阿拔斯王朝,见Abbasids
Bägi(as title)[专]别乞(称号),195
Bagrach, Lake (Bagrach Kol)[地]博斯腾湖,46,424
Bagrat V[人]伯格拉特五世,430
Bahmanids[朝]巴赫曼小苏丹国,444
Bahram Chobin[人]巴赫拉姆·楚宾,85,141
Bahram Gor[人]巴赫拉姆·哥尔,67-68
Bahram-shah[人]巴赫拉姆沙赫,159
Bai[地]拜城,426,492,497
Baibars[人]拜巴斯,364,366,370,398
Baibuqa[人]台不花,见Taibuqa
Baida, al-[地]拜达城(参看伊提尔),见Itil
Baidar (Peta)[人]拜答儿,264,266
Baidarik[地]拜塔里克河,536,581注
Baidu[人]拜都,377,378
Baiju[人]拜住,263,271,281,282,347,348,349,350,355,359,361,596注
Baikal, Lake[地]贝加尔湖,xxii,xxvi,xxvii,25,114,192,194,205,208,479,503,504,507,544注
Bailey, H. W.[人]贝利,30
Baiqara[人]拜哈拉,456,457,458
Bairam Khwaja[人]拜拉姆·瓦加,391
Baishing[地]板升,629注
Baitistan (Great Pulu)[族]巴蒂斯坦,大勃律,118
Bajazet (Bayezid; Bayazid)[人]巴耶塞特,435,448,450-451,452
Bajazet II[人]巴耶塞特二世,483
Bäk-chor[人]默啜,见Mo-ch'o
Bakhchisarai (Qirq-yer)[地]巴赫切萨拉伊,471,475
Bäki(as title)[专]别乞(称号),195
Bala (活跃于1222)[人]八剌(札剌儿部那颜),242
Bala (Bela;活跃于1252)[人]八拉,330
Baladitya[人]槃罗迭多,71
Balaklava[地]巴拉克拉瓦,406
Balamir (Balamber)[人]巴拉米尔(巴拉贝尔),38,73
Balanjar[地]巴伦加尔,180
Balasagun[地]八拉沙衮,133,144,145,147,164-165,233,234,236,312
Balc[地]巴里黑城,巴尔赫,见Balkh (city)
Baljuna[地]班朱尼河,211,415,583注
Balkan Mountains[地]巴尔干山脉,175,176,184-185
Balkh (city; Balc)[地]巴尔赫城,巴里黑城(参看巴克特里亚),116,142,143,146,166,240,243,305,312,340,346,409,411,412,414,415,431,456,457,460,461,481,485,486,487;参见Bactra
Balkh (region)[地]巴尔赫地区(参看巴克特里亚和吐火罗斯坦),117,153,160,414;参见Bactria; Tokharistan
Balkhash, Lake (Atrek-Kul)[地]巴尔喀什湖,xxiii, 53,55,67,72,80,95,113,114,115,119,120,148,234,238,255,270,275,277,326,335,424,425,480,489,507,508,522,531
Baltic[地]波罗的海,395
Bamian[地]巴米安,范延,50-51,97,167,241,271,329,334
Baniyas[地]巴尼亚斯,363
Banjara[人]班家拉,629注
Baqi Muhammad[人]巴基·穆罕默德,486
Baraghun-ghar (bara'un-gharorqar; barun-ghar; right or west wing)[专]右翼军,223,509,629注
Baranduk[人]巴兰都黑,480
Baraq (Ghiyath ad-Din)[人]八剌,292,327,332,333-334,369,401,606注
Bara'un-ghar (qar)[专]右翼军,见Baraghun-ghar
Barca[人]别儿哥,见Berke
Barchuq[人]巴而术,233,234,238,329-330
Bardhaa[地]巴尔德哈,437
Barghu (Barghuchin; Barquchin; Barqujin)[地]八儿忽真隘,205,208,582注
Bar Hebraeus[人]巴赫布拉攸斯,191,362,367,377,396
Barkiyaruk[人]巴尔基雅鲁克,155
Barkol[地]巴里坤,42,48,55,126,536,538
Bar Kol, Lake[地]巴里坤湖,47,126,569注
Barla[族]巴鲁剌部,见Barula
Barlas[人]巴鲁剌思部哈吉,见Hajji Barlas
Barnaoul[地]巴尔瑙尔,525
Baroghil Pass[地]巴罗吉尔山口,119
Barquchin, Barqujin[地]八儿忽真隘,见Barghu
Barquq[人]贝尔孤格,433,434,441,446-447
Barsa-bolod[人]巴尔斯博罗特,509,510
Bartan-ba'atur[人]把儿坦巴阿秃儿,198
Bartatua[人]巴塔图亚,8-9
Barthold, V. V.[人]巴托尔德,113,120,126,145,149,154,165,179,181-182,194,195,198,201,222,238,239,253,272,275,277,328,333,341,377,380,395,397,400,407,421,440,441,442,479,480,525,531
Barula (Barla)[族]巴鲁剌部,194
Barun-ghar[专]右翼军,见Baraghun-ghar
Bashkirs[族]巴什基尔人,403,472,522,576注
Basil II (Byzantine emperor)[人](拜占庭皇帝)巴西尔二世,182
Basil II (the Blind; Russian ruler)[人](罗斯统治者,瞎子)巴西尔二世,470
Basil III (Vasili Ivanovich; Russian ruler)[人](莫斯科大公,瓦西里·伊凡诺维奇)巴西尔三世,473
Basmil[族]拔悉蜜,112,113,569注,588注
Basra[地]巴士拉,315,458
Bastarnae[族]巴斯塔尔尼人,72-73
Batchman[人]八赤蛮,264
Bateni[地]巴捷尼,18
Battle of the Marshes[专]麦什德之战,412
Battle tactics[专]战术,9,23,24,74-75,224-226,228,229,242-243,245,283;artillery,529,530,540,625注;大象,use of,290,308,339,340,445,447,451,572注;火器,530,532,540;骑兵射手,7,8,23,75,223,224,553注-554注;围攻机械,283,287,450
Batu (Sain-khan)[人]拔都(赛恩汗),254,264-276,281,282,350,392-396,512,594注,596注
Bayan (活跃于582)[人]巴颜,173-174
Bayan (活跃于650)[人]巴颜(保加尔人首领),176
Bayan (Nayan; 1301-09)[人]伯颜(白帐汗),335,403
Bayan (Po-yen;活跃于1276)[人]伯颜(将领),286,287,292,294,599注
Bayan (死于1340)[人](权臣)伯颜,323
Bayan-chor[人]默延啜,见Mo-yen-cho
Bayan Selduz[人](速勒都思部)巴颜,343,345,346,409,410
Baya'ut[族]伯牙吾惕,194
Bayazid, Bayezid[人]拜牙即(迷里拜牙即)见Bajazet; Mir Bayezid
Bayirku[族]拔野古,109,110
Bayisangghur[人]巴义山格呼儿,629注
Baysonqor (Baysonkur)[人]拜孙哈尔,464
Begjik[人]别克吉,411
Beha ad-Din (Beha ad-Din Muhammad)[人]贝哈哀丁,367,609注
Beha ad-Din Marghinani[人]火者·巴海乌丁,329
Beha ad-Din Razi[人]贝哈哀丁拉齐,588注
Beit Abe[地]拜特·阿比,357
Bek(mayor of the palace)[专]伯克(宫廷侍长),577注
Bekter[人]别克台尔,199,200
Béla IV (of Hungary)[人](匈牙利王)贝拉四世,266,267
Bela[人]八拉,见Bala
Bela Vezha, Belaya Vezha[地]白城(沙克尔),见Sarkel
Belgrade (Singidunum)[地]贝尔格莱德(辛吉杜蒙),76,174
Belgutai[人]别里古台,199,293
Belisarius[人]伯里沙留斯,79
Belor[人]波罗,见Bolor
Benaket[地]别纳客忒,238,338
Benedict XII, Pope[人]本尼狄克十二世,304,319,341-342,404
Benedict de Goës[人]鄂本笃,500
Bengal[地]孟加拉,70,444
Benveniste, Émile[人]贝文尼斯特,10
Berdibeg[人]别儿迪别,405
Berke (Barca)[人]别儿哥,264,265,274,305,332,363,365,366,369,394,397-400各处,420,615注
Berkejar[人]别儿克贾,333,401
Besasiri[人]贝撒希瑞,151
Berry (France)[地]贝里(法国),178
Beshbaligh (Dzimsa; Kiu-shih; Kucheng; Peiting)[地]别失八里(吉木萨,车师,古城,北庭),42,44,46,47,48,95,100,112,113,114,125,126,144,164,197,233,272,282,305,312,326,327,329,330,331,335,351,400,569注
Bessarabia[地]比萨拉比亚,4,9,174
Beth Garmai[地]伯斯卡迈,368
Beya[地]别亚,18
Bezeklik[地]伯子克力克,52,96,98,124
Bhamo[地]八莫海峡,290,308
Bhanugupta[人]巴奴芨多,70
Bhatnair[地]帕特奈尔,444
Bichura[地]比丘拉,558注
Bichurskoye[地]比楚尔斯科雅,551注
Bihar[地]比哈尔,70;参见Magadha
Bihzad[人]毕赫札德,465
Bilgä(as title)[专]必勒格,195
Bilik(“sayings”)[专]必里克(箴言),221
Bilqas[地]比勒加斯,362
Binhdinh[地]平定,290,309
Birar[族]比拉尔族,515
Birecik[地]比雷吉克,361
Birkeh-i Gurian[地]比耳哈·古里安,423
Bistam[地]比斯坦,390
Bithynia[地]比萨尼亚,385,452
Bitlis[地]比德里思,262
Black Irtysh[地]黑额尔齐斯河,也儿的石河,也儿的石河上游,82,190,255,312,338,424,425,479,510,512,523,525,537
Black Sea[地]黑海,8,73,173,177,185,268,276,374,392,405
Black Sheep[朝]黑羊王朝,见Qara-Qoyunlu
Bleda[人]布勒达,75
Blue Mongols (Kökä Mongol)[专]蓝蒙古人,或青蒙古人,xxv,585注
Blue Turks (Kök Türk)[专]蓝突厥人,或青突厥人,86,585注;参见T'u-chüeh
Bocolabras (shaman; sorcerer)[宗]男巫,172
Bodi (Bodi-khan)[人]博迪汗,510
Bodunchar[人]孛端察尔,193
Bögä(shaman)[宗]巫师,172,195
Bogdo Ala[地]博格达拉山,95
Bogdo-khan[人]土谢图汗,见Tushetu-khan
Boghorchu[人]博儿术,见Bo'orchu
Boghul (slaves; vassals)[专]孛斡勒(奴隶、属臣),195,222
Bögü[人]匐俱,110
Bogurji[人]博儿术,见Bo'orchu
Bohemia[地]波希米亚,175
Bohemund VI[人]波赫蒙德六世,360,361,362,363
Boibeghus Ba'atur[人]拜巴噶斯巴图尔,523
Bokhan[人]波汗,85,173
Boleslav IV[人]博列思老四世,266
Boleslav V (the Chaste)[人](贞洁者)博列思老五世,399
Bolgar (town; Bolgarskoye; Bolgary; Uspenskoye)[地]保加尔人的城市(今波尔加利,乌斯平斯科伊),264,393,401,594注
Bolgars[族]保加尔人,见Bulgars
Bolgarskoye, Bolgary[地]波尔加利城,见Bolgar (town)
Bolghai[人]孛鲁合,275,285,286
Bolkhojinong[人]博勒呼济农,509
Bolod (活跃于1285)[人]孛罗(丞相),304,378,381
Bolod (约1407-12)[人]不剌汗,见Pulad
Bolod (place)[地]普拉德,见Pulad
Bolod Temür[人]孛罗帖木儿,324
Bolor (Belor)[地]波罗,306
Bon-posorcery[宗]本教,523
Bonus[人]波鲁斯,174
Bo'orchu (Boghorchu; Bogurji)[人]博儿术,200,206,210,223,589注
Boraqchin[人]博剌克斤,397
Boraq Hajjib[人]霍吉勃博剌克,260,353
Bordeaux[地]波尔多,375
Bordei-Herastrau[文]波德·希拉斯特安文化,6
Boris[人]鲍里斯,177
Borjigin[族]孛儿只斤部,193,199-200,207,217,505
Bor Nor[地]贝尔湖,捕鱼儿湖,192,198,203,210,502,510,529
Borodino[地]博罗季诺,4
Boroqul[人]博罗浑,206,210
Borotala[地]博罗塔拉,102,554注
Borovka, G. I.[人]波罗夫卡,14,16
Börte[人]孛儿帖,200,201,218,219,220,394
Börte-cino[人]孛儿帖公主,554注
Bosporus (city)[地]博斯普鲁斯城,见Panticapaeum
Bosporus (strait)[地]博斯普鲁斯海峡,174,175
Bosporus, Cimmerian[地]博斯普鲁斯,见Cimmerian Bosporus
Boucher, Guillaume[人]布歇,纪尧姆,280,281
Bronze age[专]铜器时代,4-5,6
Brussa[地]布鲁萨,见Bursa
Buchin[人]布金,334
Budaq[人]沙·布达克,481
Buddha (Buddha Sakyamuni; Sagamoni Burcan)[宗]佛陀,308;relics, 298,308,533
Buddhagupta[人]佛陀笈多,70,71
Buddhism[宗]佛教(参见喇嘛教),xxiii,32,48,49,51,60,63,65,66,70,95,96,98,99,101,111,118,125,220,237,275,276,277,290,297-300,327,367,379,383,527,628注;和尚,602注;翻译文本49,59,96,97,124,299;道人,597注,602注;参见Lamaism
Buddhist art[文]佛教艺术,48-53,64,65,70,96-99,122,124
Buerova Mogila[人]布诺瓦,16
Bug (river)[地]布格河,5,10,392
Bughra-khan Harun[人]博格拉汗哈仑,144,145,147
Bughra Sali Tutuq[人]博格拉·萨利·吐吐克,568注
Bugur[地]布吉尔,344
Bujai[人]布贾,386
Bukhara[地]布哈拉,不花剌(城),96,116,117,118,120,141,142,144,145,146,147,149,165,168,169,239,243,244,254,255,305,326,327,328,332,333,335,340,344,345,370,412,413,438,464,465,481,483-489,496,498,531,540
Bukharia[地]布哈拉地区,486,526
Bukovina[地]布科维纳,4
Bulaji (Puladshi)[人]播鲁只,344,422
Bulan[人]布兰可汗,577注
Bulat (Pulad)[人]布拉特,532
Bulgaria[朝]保加利亚国,178,268,402,403,449;Great Bulgaria,176
Bulgarians (Bulgars)[族]保加利亚人(保加尔人),399,402
Bulgar language[文]保加尔语,577注
Bulgars (Bolgars)[族]保加尔人,保加利亚人,xxviii,174,175-176,177,185,186,247,264,392,393,441
Buluk[地]布鲁克,549注
Bumin (T'u-men)[人]布明(土门),81,82,86
Bunchagan, Lake[地]布察干湖,581注
Buqa Timur[人]不花帖木儿,355
Burgas[地]布尔加斯,174,177
Burgundians[族]勃艮第人,56,60,449
Burgundy[地]勃艮第,178
Burhan ad-Din[人]布汉哀丁,391,449
Burhan ad-Din (Great Khoja)[人]包尔汉丁(大和卓),541-542
Büri (活跃于1240)[人]不里,264,265,275,607注
Büri (活跃于1270)[人]不里,334,338,607注
Buri-bökö[人]不里孛阔,204
Buri-tigin (Tamgatch-khan)[人]贝里特勤,147,572注
Burma (Mien)[地]缅甸,290-291,308
Burni[人]布尔尼,519-520
Burqan Qaldun[地]不儿罕合勒敦山(肯特山),见Kentei
Bursa (Brussa)[地]布鲁萨,420,451
Burut[族]喀喇吉尔吉斯,见Kara-Kirghiz
Buscarel de Gisolf[人]布斯卡尔,375,376
Bushang[地]布格申,427
Butkhanaha(pagan temples)[地]异教寺庙,359
Bu'ura[地]布拉河(不兀剌川),201
Buyang-ghulai[人]布颜格呼赖,629注
Buyan-quli[人]巴颜合里,343
Buyan Shiban[人]布颜昔班,301
Buyan Temür[人]卜颜帖木儿,325
Buyantu (Ayurparibhadra)[人]普颜笃(爱育黎拔力八达),321,340
Buyids[朝]布威朝,143,150-151,152,153,354-355
Buyiruq[人]不亦鲁,205,208,215,584注
Buyur, Lake[地]捕鱼儿湖,206
Buzar[人]布札儿,234,235
Byskar[地]拜什卡尔,558注
Bytom[地]比托姆,399
Byzantine Empire[朝]拜占庭帝国,57,62,82-85,153,172,173-175,177,179-180,182,184,186,385,399,401,402,452
Byzantium[地]拜占庭,参看君士坦丁堡,见Constantinople
Cacianfu[地]河间府,见Hokien
Caesarea[地]凯撒里亚,154,273,349
Caffa (Feodisiya)[地]喀发(费奥多西亚),319,342,403,404,405,407,471,472,473
Cahen, G.,[人]卡亨,402
Cahun, Léon[人]卡洪,224,247
Cail (Kayal)[地]卡亚尔,311
Cailac[地]海押立,见Qayaligh
Cairo[地]开罗,364,387
Caitan, Çaiton[地]刺桐,(泉州),见Chüanchow
Cambaluc[地]汗八里,(北京),见Peking
Cambay, Gulf of[地]坎贝湾,309
Cambodia[地]柬埔寨(高棉),见Khmer
Campiciu[地]甘州,见Kanchow (Kansu)
Campsay[地]杭州,见Hangchow
Campus Mauriacus[地]莫里亚库斯驻地,76
Camul[地]哈密,见Hami
Cansay[地]杭州,见Hangchow
Canton (Sincalan)[地]广州(辛迦兰),287,290,305,308,309-310,315,323,324,518,605注
Cappadocia[地]卡帕多细亚,8,9,154,155,157,370,391,449
Carachoço[地]哈剌火州(吐鲁番),见Turfan
Caragian (kingdom)[朝]云南国,见Yunnan
Caragian (town)[地](云南;大理城)哈剌章,见Tali
Caraian[朝]云南(王国),见Yunnan (kingdom)
Caramoran[地]黄河,见Yellow River
Caria[地]卡里亚,452
Carl, Jean[人]J.卡尔,51
Carnatic[地]卡纳蒂克,311
Carnuntum,[地]卡农图姆,175
Carolingians[族]加洛林王朝人(也参看查理曼),60,158,178;参见Charlemagne
Carpathian Mountains[地]喀尔巴阡山脉,73,75,176,177
Carpini[人]迦儿宾,见Piano Carpini
Cascar[地]喀什城,见Kashgar
Casimir IV (of Poland)[人](波兰的)卡西米四世,470
Caspian Sea[地]里海,8,93,185,245,400,508,521,523,525
Catalonia[地]加太罗尼亚,74
Cathay[地]契丹,306,309
Catherine II (of Russia)[人](俄国的)叶卡捷琳娜二世,477
Catholic Church[宗]天主教教会,见Christianity条下
Cattaro[地]科托尔,见Kotor
Caucausus[地]高加索,6,8,9,11,176,181,240,246,263,366,376,392,397,419,433,442,522
Cavalry[专]骑兵,见Archers,mounted;Horse
Ceylon[地]锡兰国,298,308,311,315
Chaban[地]佛誓,见Vijaya
Chadak[地]哈达克,488
Chagan[人]察罕,223
Chagan (Zagan; Andrew)[人]察甘,376
Chagatai[人]察合台,见Jagatai
Chaghan[人]察罕,259
Chaghan-ordo[朝]白帐汗国(查罕·斡耳朵),见White Horde
Chaghan Tatar[族]察罕塔塔儿部,207-208
Chaghan Temür[人]察罕帖木儿,323,324
Chagri-beg[人]查基尔拜格,150
Chagri-khan Jalal ad-Din[人]恰格里汗·贾拉尔·阿德·丁,574注
Chahar (people)[族]察哈儿人,509-514,517,519,530,538,629注
Chahar (place)[地]察哈尔,xxii,xxv,25,164,285,288,507,516
Chaka (Jeku)[人]术客,402,403
Chakravartin(as title)[宗]查克拉瓦蒂(佛教词汇中为“宇宙之君主”),298
Chalcedon[地]卡尔西登,174
Chalish[地]察力失(焉耆,喀拉沙尔),见Kara Shahr
Chäm (Jäm)[地]剑河,584注
Champa (Ciamba; Cyamba)[朝]占婆,289-290,308,315
Champagne (region)[地]香巴尼地区,178
Chandrapida[人]真陀罗秘利,118-119
Chandu[地]上都府,见Shangtuho
Changan (Fengyuanfu; Kingchaofu; Qan-baliq; Quegianfu; Sera metropolis; Sian)[地]长安(京兆府),xxix,34,38,41,56,57,58,59,61,63,66,81,83,89,90,92,100,120,126,127,232,307,599注,604注,605注
Chang Ch'uen[人]张骞,30,34
Changchow[地]常州,287
Ch'ang-ch'uen[人]长春真人,见Kiou Ch'ang-ch'uen
Changchun[地]长春,516
Chang Hiao-sung[人]张孝嵩,117
Ch'ang Huei[人]常惠,37
Chang Kuei[人]张珪,299
Changping[地]昌平,107
Changsha[地]长沙,284,287
Chang Shih-ch'eng[人]张士诚,323,324
Chang Shih-ch'ung[人]张世忠,511
Chang Shih-kie[人]张世杰,287
Chang Shuen[人]张顺,287
Changteh[地]彰德(参看邺城),65,130,137,232;参见Ye
Chang-ti[人]汉章帝,42,44
Changyeh[地]张掖,35,41
Chan Kue[人]张贵,287
Chao[朝]赵国,20
Ch'ao (paper currency)[专]钞(纸币),297,310,377
Chao, Hou-[朝]后赵,见Hou-Chao
Chao, Ts'ien[朝]前赵,见Ts'ien-Chao
Chaochow[地]潮州,287
Chaochow[地]赵州,108
Chao Huei[人]兆惠,538,541
Chao Hung[人]赵珙,199
Chao K'uang-yin[人]赵匡胤(宋太祖),见T'ai-tsu
Chao Meng-fu, school of[文]赵孟頫瞓学派,223
Chao-modo[地]昭莫多,530
Chao Pao[人]赵彪,54
Chao Pao-ki (Li Ki-ts'ien)[人]赵保机(李继迁),132
Chao P'o-nu[人]赵破奴,35
Chao Ssu-wen[人]赵思温,129
Chao Tö-ming[人]赵德明,133
Chaoyang[人]朝阳,557注
Chao Yüan-hao[人]赵元昊,133
Chäpär[人]察八儿,295,335,336,338,384
Chapogir[族]恰波吉尔人,515
Charchan[地]车尔城,见Cherchen
Charin[地]察里恩河,460
Charkhlik[地]恰克里克城(参看罗不),见Lop
Charlemagne[人]查理曼,82,158,175
Charpentier, Jarl[人]查尔彭蒂尔,29,30
Cha'ur-bäki[人]察兀儿别吉,209
Chavannes, Édouard[人]沙畹,42
Che Ch'an[人]支谶,49
Che-che[人]致支,37,38,55,72
Che-che yun-tu, Mount[地]《元史》折折运都山,212
Chekiang[地]浙江,137,287,308,323,324,518
Che K'ien[人]支曜,49
Chenab[地]杰纳布河,446
Chenchow[地]镇巢,304,503,599注
Cheng Ki[人]郑吉,37
Ch'eng T'ang[人]陈汤,38
Chengting[地]正定,108,130,132,229
Chengtu (Sindufu)[地]兴都府,307,310,598注
Chenkiang (Cinghianfu)[地]镇江,137,139,302
Chen-kin (Chinkim)[人]真金,302,321
Ch'en Mu[人]陈睦,43,46
Chen-tsung[人]宋真宗,132,133
Ch'en Yu-liang[人]陈友谅,323,324
Cherchen (Charchan; Ciarcian)[地]车尔城,306
Cheremis[族]切列米斯人,472
Cherman[地]起儿漫,见Kerman
Chernigov[地]切尔尼戈夫,10,246,265
Chernoziom[地]切尔诺柔姆,547注
Chernyakhov[地]切尔尼亚霍夫,73
Chersonesus,85;[地]刻松城,参见Kherson
Chertomlyk[地]切尔托姆雷克,7,10,546注
Ch'eu Ou[人]崔瑀,599注
Chi[地]蓟(今天的北京),见Peking
Ch'i, Pei-[朝]北齐,见Pei-Ch'i
Chiangmai (Xiengmai; Pape)[地]清迈,291,600注
Chia Ssu-tao[人]贾似道,284,286
Ch'i-chia-p'ing[文]齐家坪文化,3
Chichow[地]池州,287
Ch'ien Han Shu[书]《前汉书》,21,29,30-31
Ch'ien-lung[人]乾隆,xxx,518,520,537,538-539,542
Chihli, Gulf of[地]直隶湾,14,230
Chihtan[地]志丹(保安),见Paoan
Chih Tao[人](傅安)之道,见Fu An
Chila'un[人]赤老温,200,206
Chilgerbökö[人]赤勒格儿力士,201
Chilperic[人]查尔帕里克,58
Chimbai[人]赤不拜,200
Ch'in[朝]秦朝,20,26-27
Chin (12th-13th cent.)[朝]金国,见Kin
Chin, Hou-[朝]后金,见Hou-Chin
Ch'in, Hou-[朝]后秦,见Hou-Ch'in
Ch'in, Hsi-[朝]西秦,见Hsi-Ch'in
Chin, northern or western[朝]晋(北晋或称西晋),54,55
Chin, southern or eastern[朝]晋(南晋或东晋),56-57
Ch'in Ts'ien-[朝]前秦,见Ts'ien-Ch'in
China, Republic of[朝]中华民国,323,519,529
China Sea[地]中国海,308
Chinaz[地]契纳兹,412
Chinggis-khan[人]成吉思汗,见Jenghiz Khan
Chingintalas[地]欣斤塔剌思,603注
Chingiz[地]青吉兹,215
Chin Huai-ti[人]晋怀帝,56
Chinkiang[地]镇江,287
Chinkim[人]真金,见Chen-kin
Chin Min-ti[人]晋愍帝,56
Chinqai[人]镇海,257,268,270,272,274,351
Ch'in Shih Huang-ti[人]秦始皇,20,26,101
Chintimur,[人]真帖木儿,351
Chios[地]希俄斯岛,452
Chirchik (Parak)[地]奇尔奇克河(帕拉克河),244,463,496
Chigirin[地]奇吉林,15
Chita[地]基塔,25,37,551注
Ch'iu-chiu-ch'ueh[人]邱就却,见Kujula Kadphises
Chiu Shih-ssu[人]瞿式耜,518
Chkalov[地]奥伦堡,见Orenburg
Chmielnik[地]赫梅尔尼克,266
Chochow[地]涿州,131,132,570注
Chofang[地]朔方,34-35
Chöl[族]沙陀,见Sha-t'o
Choligh-buqa[人]绰里吉不花,301
Chopan (Juban)[人]出班,385,387
Chormaghan (Chormaqan)[人]绰儿马罕,261-262,263,347-348,350,351,359
Choros (Olöt; Tsoros)[族]绰罗斯部,503,520-521,523-528各处,531,537,538,539,540;参见Oirat
Chosroes I Anoshirvan[人]库思老一世(阿奴细尔汪),82,83
Chosroes II Parviz[人]库思老二世(帕维兹),51,85,174
Chou, Hou-[朝]后周,见Hou-Chou
Chou, Pei-[朝]北周,见Pei-Chou
Chou Ta-kuan[人]周达观,291
Chowkowtien[地](北京)周口店,3
Christianity[宗]基督教,165,179,180,186,220,263,281,282,300,312,313-314,319,341-342,348,356-358,360,361,363,377,379,401,402,404;主教,300;参见Jacobites; Nestorianism
Chu[地]楚河,38,67,82,102,133,144,145,165,189,204,233,236,244,254,277,326,343,395,397,423,425,508
Chüanchow (Caitan; Caiton; Zayton)[地]泉州(刺桐),287,291,305,308,310,311,312,314,319,604注
Chuchow (Cugiu)[地]处州,308
Chufut-Kale[地]基尔基,见Kirki
Chuguchak[地]楚固恰克,xxiii,95,164,424,526
Ch'u-lo[人]处罗,89
Ch'u-mi[族],处蜜,100
Ch'u-mu-kuen[族]处木昆,115
Chumysh[地]楚麦什河,525
Chung[人]忠,43,45
Ch'ung-cheng[人]崇祯帝,517
Ch'ung-fu-ssu(government department)[专]崇福司,300
Chung-hei[人](金王)永济,140,227,230
Chunghing[地]中兴府(参看宁夏),见Ningsia
Chungli (Fengyang)[地]钟离(凤阳),65
Chungshan (Tingchow)[地]中山(今保定南部的定州),59,60
Chung-tu[地]中都(北京),见Peking
Chuong-duong[地]升隆,290
Chu Sho-fu[人]竺朔佛,49
Chuvash (people)[族]楚瓦什人,177,472,559注
Chuvash (mountain)[地]楚瓦什山,489
Chuvash language[文]楚瓦什语,577注,559注
Ch'u Wen[人]朱温,127
Chu Yüan-chang[人]朱元璋,见Hung-wu
Ch'u-yueh[族]处月部,见Sha-t'o
Cialis[地]察力失(喀拉沙尔),见Kara Shahr
Ciamba[地]占城,见Champa
Ciangli[地]滋阳,见Tsiyang
Cianglu[地]长卢,见Tsanglu
Ciarcian[地]车尔城,见Cherchen
Cilicia (Little Armenia)[地]西里西亚(小亚美尼亚),8,9,263,264,269,271,281-282,305,312,347,360,361,362,363,370,371,379,382,384
Cimmerian Bosporus[地]辛梅里安人的博斯普鲁斯,xxvi,18,25,39
Cimmerians[族]辛梅里安人,v,4-5,6,8,9,10,11,25,545注
Cinghianfu[地]镇江,见chenkiang
Circassia[地]塞卡西亚,376,442
Circassians[族]契尔克斯人,246
Clavijo[人]克拉维约,453
Clement V, Pope[人](教皇)克力门五世,314,384
Clovis[人]克洛维,63
Coal, mining of[专]煤矿,309
Cocachin[人]阔阔真,见Kökächin
Coigangiu[地]淮安,见Hwaian
Coilum[地]奎隆,见Quilon
Colchis[地]科尔奇斯,8
Confederates[族]卫拉特人,见Oirat
Confucianism[宗]儒教,64,299,300
Confucius[人]孔子,64
Constantine V[人]君士坦丁五世,177
Constantine VII (Porphyrogenitus)[人]君士坦丁七世,177,178,182,577注
Constantine X (Ducas)[人]君士坦丁十世,185
Constantine Diogenes[人]康士坦丁·台吉勒斯,182
Constantine Tych (of Bulgaria)[人]君士坦丁泰奇,399
Constantinople (Byzantium)[地]君士坦丁堡(拜占庭),xxviii,xxix,56,57,174,176,182,184,276,319,374,399,449,452,453,533
Cordier, Henri[人]考狄尔,316
Corlu[地]乔尔卢,184
Costume[专]服饰,7,8,20,21,51,52,74,97-98,124,223
Cotan[地]于阗(和田),见Khotan
Council of Lyons[专]路易斯宗教委员会,370
Courant, Maurice[人]考朗特,510,515,526,531,532
Coyat[人]科亚特,277
Cracow[地]克拉科夫,266,399
Crimea[地]克里米亚,13,15,39,73,85,180,182,247,276;热那亚和威尼斯银行家,247,312,374,403-407,442,471;汗国,470,471,472,473,475,477;可萨里亚,180,314,401,403
Croatia[地]克罗地亚,267
Croats[族]克罗地人,175
Cromerus[书]《克罗麦鲁斯编年史》,399
Crusades and crusaders[专]十字军,245,246,349,449,451,452;参见Jerusalem
Csanad[地]琼纳德,266
Csongrad[地]琼格拉德,176
Csuny[地]琼尼,176
Ctesiphon[地]泰西封,68
Cubuk[地]丘布克,451
Cucuteni[地]库库特尼,4
Cugiu[地]处州,见Chuchow
Cumanian language[文]库蛮语,280
Cumans[族]库蛮人,钦察人,见Kipchaks
Currency: coins[专]钱币(怯伯币,纸钞),380,393,401;硬币,341;纸币,297,310,377
Cyamba[朝]占婆,见Champa
Cyandu[地]上都府,见Shangtuho
Cyaxares[人]奇阿克撒列,9
Cyprus[地]塞浦路斯,281
Cyril, St.,[人]圣·西利尔,180
Cyrus[人]居鲁士,9
Dacia[地]达西亚,45,72,73
Dagestan[地]达吉斯坦,179,182
Daha[地]帕哈,见Kediri
Dahur[族]达呼尔族,515
Dai-Sechen[人]德薜禅,200,206
Dalai khan[人]达赖汗,524
Dalai Lama (Tale-Lama; as title)[专]达赖喇嘛,514,581注
Dalai Nor (Hulun Nor)[地]达赉诺尔(呼伦池),54,210,582注
Dalai taiji[人]达赖台吉,523
Dalmatia[地]达尔马提亚群岛,267
Damascus[地]大马士革,154,155,261,360,361,362,363,365,382,419,447-448
Damghan[地]达姆甘,240,428,461
Damietta[地]达米埃塔,245,373
Damna[地]达蒙纳,41
Dandanaqan[地]丹丹坎,147,150
Dandan-Uilik[地]丹丹-乌里克,52,96
Daniel (of Galicia)[地](西里西亚的)丹尼勒,265,395,399
Danishmend (Muslim doctors)[专]达失蛮(回教僧侣),602注
Danishmend Behadur[人]答尼失蛮·巴黑都儿,385,386
Danishmendids[朝]丹尼什门德王朝,154
Danishmendiya[人]答失蛮察,343
Daniyal-khoja[人]丹尼雅尔和卓,528,541
Danube[地]多瑙河,4,72,74,75,76,78,79,148,173-178,181,182,184,185,267,268,295,399
Dao-tu Ki[人]陶子奇,290
Daquqa[地]达古格,245
Daritai (Daritai-noyan; Daritai-ochigin)[人]答力台-斡赤斤,202,208,212,213
Darius[人]大流士,9-10,23
Darja[人]达尔扎,537
Darqan (darqat; as title)[专]答儿罕(称号),222,586注-587注
Darugachi (daruqachi; official)[专]达鲁花赤(地方官),243,259
Daud[人]道特,149
Daulet Girei III[人]道勒特·格来,477
David (活跃于1248)[人]大卫,349
David Lasha[人]大卫·拉沙,269,272,350
David Narin[人]大卫·纳林,269,272,350
Dawaji (Tawaji)[人]达瓦齐,537,538
Dawud-khoja[人]达乌德火者,315,340,386
Dayan[人]达延汗,509-510,539,540
Dayan khan[人]达延汗,524
Dayir Usun[人]带儿兀孙,215
Daylam[朝]戴拉木王朝,355
Daxata[地]达克沙塔,41
Dbus[地]乌斯藏,524
Deccan[地]德干高原,69,311,444
Delhi[地]德里,242,260,339,341,417,419,420,443,444,445,446
Denev[地]德勒夫,10
Dengizich (Dinzigich)[人]顿吉兹奇(丁兹吉克),78-79
Denha[人]腆合,304
Denha, Mar[人]马·德赫,见Mar Denha
Derbent[地]打耳班,8,246,281,282,366,369,376,398,430,437,441
Derestuisk[地]德瑞斯特斯克,25,37
Dervish[人]德尔维希,475
Desna[地]德斯纳河,11
Dewatdar[专]副掌印官,357
Dilshad Agha[人]迪勒沙·阿哈,423
Dimitrii Donskoi[人]德米特里·顿斯科伊,405-406,407
Dinzigich[人](顿吉兹奇)丁兹吉克,见Dengizich
Dio Cassius[人]狄奥卡修斯,547注
Diyarbakir (Amid)[地]迪亚巴克尔,261,262,263,360,433,456,459,462
Dizful[地]迪兹富勒,432
Djaylak[地]迪杰拉克,见Jaylak
Djenkshi[人]靖克失汗,见Jenkshi
Dnieper[地]第聂伯河,4,10,73,177,178,181,182,246,392,402,471
Dniester[地]德聂斯特河,72,73,268,392,407,436
Doab[地]多阿布,69,443,444
Dobrogea (Dobruja)[地]多布罗加,78
Dobun-mergen[人]朵奔蔑儿干,193
Dolonnor[地]多伦诺尔,上都府,见Shangtuho
Don[地]顿河,72,73,80,172,178,180,181,312,392,402,404,406,441,442,471,472,522
Donets[地]顿涅茨河,392,402
Dongkur Manjusri khutukhtu[人]惇果尔文殊师刊呼图克图,514
Donskoi, Dimitrii[人]德米特里·顿斯科伊,见Dimitrii Donskoi
Doquz-khatun[人]脱古思可敦,356,357,358,361,367
Dörben[族]朵儿边部,见Dörböt
Dörben Oirat[族]杜尔本·卫拉特,见Oirat
Dörben Qoriya (Wang)[族]“四圈”旗,郡王部,511
Dörböt (Dörben; Dörböd; Turbet)[族]杜尔伯特,194,206,207,208,213,503,520,523,525,527,537,538;参见Oirat
Drangiana[地]德兰吉亚那,31
Dristra (Durostorum; Silistra)[地]锡利斯特拉,xxiv,184
Drosakhe[地](希腊地理学家们的)酒泉,41
Dughlats (Duqlats)[族]杜格拉特人,344,412,422,425,453,459,463,491-495,497,498,499
Dukhtar-i-Noshirvan[地]杜克塔-依-奴细尔汪,51
Dülün-Boldaq[地]跌里温盘陀山,199
Dunapentele[地]杜纳彭特勒,176
Duqaq Timuryaligh[人]杜卡克·帖木耳雅里赫,148
Duqlats[族]杜格拉特人,见Dughlats
Dürbäljïn(square script)[文]都尔巴金字(方块字),298
Durbelji[族]杜尔伯斤,25,549注
Dungan[族]东干人,538
Dürlükin[族]都儿鲁斤部,194
Durostorum[地]锡利斯特拉,见Dristra
Dust Muhammad[人]笃思忒·马黑麻,461,463,493
Duwa[人]都哇,294,295,303,334,335-336,338,339,384,403
Duwa-Timur[人]笃来帖木儿,341
Dzasagtu-khan (khanate)[人]扎萨克图汗,512
Dzasagtu-khan (person)[人]扎萨格图汗,见Shara; Subati
Dzhambul[地]江布尔(塔拉斯城),见Talas (town)
Dzimsa[地]济木萨(别失八里)见Beshbaligh
Dzungar (Jungar)[族]准噶尔人(也名卡尔梅克人),501,512,520,525-539各处,541,630注,参见Kalmucks; Oirat
Dzungaria[地]准噶尔地区,82,89,102,114,479,521,524,536,537,538,542
Eastern Roman Empire[朝]东罗马帝国,拜占庭帝国,见Byzantine Empire
"East Iranian" language[文]东伊朗语,xxiii, 29,40,49,96
Ebejesu[人]伊伯杰苏,191
Ebi Nor[地]艾比湖,102,331,344,491
Ebuskun[人]也速伦,329
Ecbatana[地]埃克巴坦那(哈马丹),见Hamadan
Edeco[人]埃德科,78
Edessa[地]埃德沙,361
Edward I (of England)[人](英格兰的)爱德华一世,370,371,375,376
Edward II (of England)[人](英格兰的)爱德华二世,384
Egrigain[地]宁夏,见Ningsia
Egypt[朝]埃及王朝(参看马木路克朝),355,359,364,365,参见Mamelukes (dynasty)
Ekaterinburg[地]埃卡特林贝尔格,11,547注
Ekaterinoslav[地]埃卡特林罗斯拉夫,16
Ekaterinovka[地]埃卡特罗夫卡,548注
El[人]名,颉利,见Hie-li
Elbek[人]额勒伯克,503
Elephant,use in battle[专]战象,290,308,339,340,445,447,451,572注
Eleuthes[族]厄鲁特部,521
Elias, Ney[人]埃尼亚斯,423,497,500
Elizavetovskaya[地]伊里扎威托夫斯卡亚,13,15,16
Eljigidäi[人]野里知吉带,271,274
Eljigidäi[人]燕只吉带,341,348,349-350,586注
Ellac[人]埃拉卡,78
Elqutur[人]燕儿火脱,582注
Eltäbir (as title)[专]颉利发,565注
Elterish[人]颉跌利施(骨咄禄),见Qutlugh
Elya[人]也里牙,304
Emba[地]恩巴河,148,181,394,521
Emnedzar[人]恩勒德扎尔,78
Engels[地]恩格尔斯(波克罗夫斯克),见Pokrovsk
Enos[地]埃诺斯,184
Ephesus[地]以弗所,452
Ephtha (Ye-ta)[族]莚哒,67
Ephthalites (Hayathelites; Ye-tai; White Huns; Huna)[族]莚哒人(白匈奴人,厌带夷栗陀),65,67-72,80,82,172,173,193,217,417;参见Avars “Equius,”277
Eran[地]伊兰,71
Erbil[地]埃尔比勒,见Arbela
Ercis (Arjish)[地]阿尔吉斯,262
Erdeni[人]额尔德尼,见Irdana
Erdeni Dzu[地]额尔德尼昭寺庙,528
Eregli[地]埃雷利(参看赫拉克利庞蒂亚),见Heraclea Pontica
Erginul, Ergiuul[地]凉州(马可记法),见Liangchow
Eric (of Friuli)[人](弗留利大公)伊里克,175
Erinchin[人]额璘臣济农,517
Erkegüd[族]额尔克固特部,630注
Erke-khongor[人]额哲洪果尔,517
Erkene-qun[地]额儿古涅昆,193
Erke-qara[人]额尔客合剌,204,206,581注
Erküt[专]也里可温(近代写法),见Erqüt
Ermak[人]叶尔马克,489,490
Ermanarich[人]亥耳曼纳奇,73
Ermenak[地]埃尔梅内克山区,385
Ernac[人]埃尔纳克,78
Erqüt (Erküt)[专]也里可温的近代形式,602注
Erzerum[地]额尔哲鲁木城,263,430,449,450
Erzincan[地]埃尔津詹,261,263,281,382,430,449,450,462
Esen (Esen-taiji; Ye-hsien Taichi)[人]额森台吉,也先台吉,491,492,506,507,508,520
Esen-buqa (Esen-bugha)[人]也先不花,315,338-339,340,386
Esen-buqa II (Esen-bugha)[人]也先不花二世,460-461,480,492-493
Esen Temür (Yesen Temür; Essan-temur)[人]也先帖木儿,308
Eskisehir[地]埃斯基谢希尔,385
Essantemur[人]也先帖木儿,见Esen Temür
Essekü[人]额色库,504
Esztergom[地]埃斯泰尔戈姆城堡,见Gran
Eternal Heaven[宗]长生天,腾格里,见Tängri
Etsin Gol[地]额济纳河,36,212
Etzina[地](马可记哈拉霍屯城)额济纳,见Karakhoto
Eukratides[人]幼克拉蒂斯,29
Euphrates[地]幼发拉底河,295,361,365,371,385,446
Euphrosyne[人]欧菲柔细纳,400
Eurasia, Sea of[地]欧亚海,xxi
Eutychios[人]攸提开俄斯,84
Fadl Allah Rashid ad-Din Tabib[人]拉施特(法德尔·阿拉赫·拉施特),见Rashid ad-Din
Fakhr ad-Din Kert[人]法黑剌丁,380,385-386
Fancheng[地]凡城,287
Fang Kuo-chen[人]方国珍,323,324
Faraj[人]法赖吉,447
Fars[地]法尔斯,151,158,169,260,261,353,354,359,366,382,390,426,431,433,456,457,459,461
Fatimids[朝]法提玛王朝,154
Fedor (of Ryazan)[人](里亚赞的)费多尔,616注
Fedulovo[地]费杜罗沃,16
Fei-yang-ku[人]费扬古,530
Fenek[地]费内克,176
Fengsiang[地]凤翔,257
Fengyang[地]凤阳(钟离)见Chungli
Fengyüanfu[地]奉元府(长安),见Changan
Feodosiya[地]喀发,见Caffa
Fergana (Ta-yüan)[地]费尔干纳(大宛),xxii,8,28,29,36,40,43,48,116,117,142,144,234,344,423,426,438,463,464,482,486,488,492,494,496,497,498,554注
Fettich, Nandor[人]弗蒂奇·南朵尔(著有《战国》)67,176,“Fighting States,”见“Warring States”
Finance[专]财政,见Crimea, Genoese and Venetian bankers; Currency; Taxation
Finno-Ugrian Languages[文]芬兰-乌戈尔语,xxv
Finno-Ugrians[族]芬兰-乌戈尔种人,10-11,14,15,73,177,178
Firdausi[人]费尔多希,243
Five Hordes[族]五部落,56
Flor des estoires d'Orient[书]《海顿行纪》(参看海顿),见Hayton
Fokuru[地]富库鲁,8
Four Confederates[族]四同盟者,参看卫拉特,见Oirat
Four Garrisons[地]四镇(焉耆、喀什、于阗和库车),见Kara Shahr; Kashgar; Khotan; Kucha
“Four Tughri”[地]四塔沟里,551注,568注
Francesco da Podio[人]弗朗希斯科,319
Francis (of Alexandria)[人]弗朗希斯,342
Franks[族]法兰克人,56,60,62,173,174,175,178,359-360,364,371,449;参见Syria
Friuli[地]弗留利,174
Fu An (Chih Tao)[人]傅安(之道),353,459
Fu Chien[人]苻坚,59,300
Fuchow (Fugiu)[地]鄜州,232,287,305,308,311,518,603注
Fukien[地]福建,287,304,307,308,323,324,518
Fu-li(as title)[专]附离(称号),87
Fundukistan[地]法杜克斯坦,51
Funerary customs[专]葬礼,8,21,23,87,129,546注,591注
Fungchow[地]丰州,见Yülin
Fung Fung-shih[人]冯奉世,37
Fur trading[专]皮毛贸易,403
Fu-shö Sin[人]伏阇信,101
Fu-te[人]富德,542
Fu-ting[人]福定,603注
Gaikhatu[人]海合都,309,373,377,612注
Galatia[地]加拉底亚,157
Galdan[人]噶尔丹,525-531,540,541
Galdan Tsereng[人]葛尔丹策零,532,536-537,540,541
Galicia (Galich)[地]加利西亚(或加利奇),6,8,246,265,266,395
Galicia, Spanish[地](西班牙的)加利西亚,74
Galilee[地]加利利,364
Gandhara[地]犍陀罗,49,65,69,70,71
Gandharan art[文]犍陀罗艺术,48-49,64,70
Ganges[地]恒河,69,71,146,168,419
Ganja[地]刚加,151,263
Ganja-Karabakh[地]甘扎-卡拉巴克赫,5,545注
Gardizi[人]迦尔迪齐,177,185,549注
Garni[地]哈儿尼,见Karni
Gaul[地]高卢,63,74,76
Gaza[地]加沙,362,364
Gazaria[地]可萨尼亚,见Khazaria
Genoa[地]热那亚,374,375
Genoese:在希俄斯[族]热那亚人,452;在克里米亚,247,312,374,403-407,442,471;在特拉布松,374
George (1235-42)[人]阔儿吉思(乔治),见Körgüz
George (死于1298年)[人]阔里吉思,见Körgüz
George (son of 'Isä)[人]阔里吉思,304
Georgia (and Georgians)[地]格鲁吉亚,谷儿只,5,186,245,246,260,263,272,347,350,358,360,364,371,430,433,434,450
Georgios Tzoulos[人]乔治·佐勒斯,181
Gepidae[族]吉别达伊人,73,75,78,173
Ger (tents)[专]廓尔(帐篷),196
Gerard[人]格拉德,314
Geray[朝]格来王朝,见Girei
Gerbillon, Père[人]热比荣,631注
Geresandza (Geresandza Ochigin)[人]格森札斡惕赤斤,510,511
Germania[地]日耳曼尼亚,173,179
Germanic tribes[族]日耳曼部落,55,56,57,60,72-77,82,173,174,175;民族大迁徙,16,54
Gestes des Chiprois[专](提尔的)圣殿骑士,见Templar of Tyre
Getae[族]盖特人,548注
Ghajawan[地]加贾湾,484
Ghazan[人]合赞,309,373,376-383,396,613注
Ghazaniyeh[地]加赞尼耶,384
Ghaznavids,[朝]伽色尼王朝,xxvii, 143-147,149-150,159,167-168
Ghazni[地]加兹尼城,143,144,159,167-168,170,241,242,382,387,431
Ghiugiu[地]衢州,见Küchow
Ghiyath ad-Din (活跃于1174年)[人]吉雅斯·阿德丁,168
Ghiyath ad-Din (活跃于1224年)[人]嘉泰丁,260
Ghiyath ad-Din (活跃于1270年)[人]八剌,见Baraq
Ghiyath ad-Din Kert (活跃1307年)[人]嘉泰丁,386,387,389
Ghiyath ad-Din II Pir 'Ali[人]嘉泰丁二世皮儿·阿里,427
Ghor[地]古尔山区,167,168,352,382,427
Ghorids[朝]古尔王朝,167-168,236,339,352-353,574注
Ghurek (Ikhshedh Ghurek)[人]伊克谢德·胡拉克,116,117,118
Ghuta[地]姑塔,447
Ghuzz[族]古兹(参看乌古思),见Oghuz
Gilgit (Little Pulu)[族]吉尔吉特(小勃律),118,119
Gilotto[人]基罗托,342
Giorgi III Lasha[人]吉奥吉尔三世拉沙,245,260
Giorgi VI[人]乔治六世,434
Giovanni da Marignolli[人]约翰·马黎诺里,319,342,404
Giovanni da Montecorvino[人]约翰·孟德科维诺,302,313,314,317,318,319,605注
Girei (Geray)[朝]格来王朝,471,472,473,475,477
Girei, Hajji[人]哈吉·格来,见Hajji Girei
Girines[地]吉里勒斯,267
Gisolf, Buscarel de[人]布斯卡尔,见Buscarel de Gisolf
Gliadenovo[地]格里亚德罗夫,548注
Gobi Desert[地]戈壁滩,xxii,xxv,34,61,62,132,133,138,191,196,203,212,234,286,318,424,425,504,505,536;绿洲,参见Tarim
Godan[人]阔端,259,593注,595注
Godard, Madame[人]哥达德夫人,51
Göduk Ahmed-pasha[人]哥杜克阿赫麦德(帕夏),471
Goës, Benedict de[人]鄂本笃,见Benedict de Goës
Gokcha (Sevan),Lake[地]哥克察克湖(塞凡湖),348,430
Gold (people)[族]金人,515
Golden Horde (Altan-ordo; Altunordu)[朝]金帐,参看钦察汗国,395-407,419,420,436,440,441,452,469-471,479;参见Batu; Kipchak khanate
Görgüz[人]阔里吉思,见Körgüz
Gorki[地]下诺夫哥罗德(高尔基),见Nizhni Novgorod
Gorodcheskaya[地]哥罗切斯卡亚,558注
Gorodets[地]戈罗杰茨,470
Goshi[人]完颜希尹,见Wan-yen Wu-shih
“Gothia”[地]哥特人之地,406
Goths[族]哥特人(吉别达伊人,东哥特人,西哥特人),16,56,73;参见Gepidae; Ostrogoths; Visigoths
Gran (Strigonium; Esztergom)[地]格兰城堡,267
Grand Canal[地]大运河,309,310
Great Armenia[地]大亚美尼亚,263,430,433
Great Bulgaria[朝]大保加利亚国,176
Great Horde (Ulu-jüz)[朝]大帐(参看吉尔吉斯-哈萨克人),480,488,499,526,532,625注,参见Kirghiz-Kazakhs
Great Moravia[朝]大摩尔维亚,175,178
Great Pulu[朝]大勃律,见Baitistan
Great Wall (of China)[地]长城,xxiv,20,26,34,61,80,85,227,324,507,514,540
Great Yüeh-chih (Ta Yüeh-chih)[族]大月氏,29
Greco-Buddhist art[文]希腊-佛教艺术,48-49,50,52,96,99;参见Gandharan art
Greco-Roman art[文]希腊-罗马艺术,16,18,39,48
Greco-Scythian art[文]希腊-斯基泰艺术,8,13,15,18
Gregory X, Pope[人](教皇)格列高利十世,307,308-309,370,371
Gregory (of Tours)[人](图尔的)格里戈利,174,575注
Grenard, Fernand[人]格纳德,190,194,223,245,482
Griaznov, M. P.[人]格里亚兹诺夫(使团),18
Grillo, Antonio[人]安东尼奥·格利洛,404
Guichard (of Cremona)[人](克里莫纳的)吉查德,348
Guilds[专]商会,309-310
Guillaume da Prato[人]纪尧姆·波拉特,319
Guillaume de Hévésy[人]纪尧姆·赫威塞,见Hévésy, Guillaume de
Guillaume de Munte[人]纪尧姆·蒙特,451
Guinzai[地]杭州,见Hangchow
Guiwarguis, Mar[人]马·基瓦古斯,见Mar Guiwarguis
Gujarat[地]吉莱特,32,444,445
Gün Biliktü Mergen[人]衮必里克墨尔根,510,511
Gupta[朝]芨多王朝,69,70
Gurbesu[人]古儿别速,212,214
Gurgan[地]古尔甘,390,464
Gurganj[地]玉龙杰赤(乌尔根奇),见Urgench
Gurjara[族]瞿析罗人,72
Gur-khan (as title)[专]古儿罕,165,206,233
Gur-khan (person)[人]菊儿罕,192,199,206,578注
Gushi khan[人]顾实汗,523,524,526
Gushu(banner; administrative division)[专]旗,517,530
Guy (Guillaume)de Longjumeau[人]盖依,273,349
Güyük[人]贵由,217,264,265,267-273,329,347,348,349,350,352,581注,595注,596注
Gwalior[地]瓜廖尔,71,146
Haband[地]哈本德,608注
Hackin, J.[人]哈辛,41,50,51-52,96
Hadda[地]哈达,52,99
Hafiz (活跃于1329年)[人]哈菲兹,390
Haidarmirza[人]海达尔·米儿咱,穆罕默德·海达尔二世,见Muhammad Haidar II
Hailar[人]海剌儿,255
Hailung[地]海龙,519
Hajji Barlas[人]巴鲁剌思部哈吉,343,345,409,410
Hajji Girei[人]哈吉·格来,471
Hajji Muhammad[人]哈吉·穆罕默德,487
Hajji-tarkhan[地]哈只·塔儿塞(阿斯特拉罕),见Astrakhan
Hakozaki (Hakata)Bay[地]博多(筥崎)湾,289
Halachar[地]兴庆府,132
Ha-li[人]阿力,见'Ali (活跃于1473年)
Hallong-osso[地]贺垅·欧沙,25
Hallstatt culture[文]哈尔希塔特文化,6,10,11
Hama[地]哈马城,362,442
Hamadan (Ecbatana)[地]哈马丹,40,155,158,167,240,245,246,355,359,426,433,456
Hami (Camul)[地]哈蜜(伊吾),xxii,42,55,64,83,85,89,95,166,305,312,400,453,494,495-496,497,499,507,528,531,536,537;参见Yiwu
Han (river)[地]汉水,138,227,258,282,287
Han, early[朝]前汉(西汉),xxx,13,25,26,27,34-38
Han, late (A. D. 25)[朝]东汉,xxiii,39,41-48,54
Han, late (947)[朝]后汉,见Hou-Han
Han, Pei-[朝]北汉,见Pei-Han
Hančar, Franz[人]弗朗兹·汉卡,11
Hanchung (Nancheng)[地]汉中(南郑),58,258
Hanefites[宗]哈纳菲派(伊斯兰教派别),400
Hangchow (Campsay; Cansay; Guinzai; Khansa; Khanzai; Khingsai; Khinsa; Quinsai)[地]杭州,137,138,189,282,287,305,308,310,316,518,604注
Hankow[地]汉口,259,284,302
Hanoi[地]河内,284,290
Hanyang[地]汉阳,286,323
Han Yen-huei[人]汉延惠,129
Haran[地]哈兰,361
Harbin[地]哈尔滨,128,136,137,138,519
Hari Pushpa[人]诃黎布失毕,见Ho-li Pu-shih-pi
Harqasun[人]阿尔哈森,见Arghasun
Harun ar-Rashid[人]哈仑拉施特,181,241
Hasan 'Ali[人]哈散阿里,462
Hasan Brosh[人]哈森·布鲁希,356,360
hasan Buzurg (Hasan the Jelair)[人]大哈森·布朱儿(札剌儿部哈森),389,390
Hasan Küchük[人]小哈森·库楚克,389
Hasan-tigin[人]哈森特勤,159
Harsha[人](印度皇帝)戒日王,72
Ha-shen[人]罕慎,495-496
Hattin-sum[地]哈屯森,25
Hayathelites[族]莚哒人,见Ephthalites
Hayton (Hethum), Flor des estoires d'Orient[人]海顿,282,361,363,371,373,378
Hazrat Apak (Afak)[人]哈司剌·阿巴克(白山派首领),501,527,528
Hazrat Makhdumi Nura[人]哈司剌·马黑杜米·奴烈,500
Heaven[宗]长生天,腾格里,见Tängri
Hecatompylos (Shahrud)[地]赫卡托姆皮洛斯(和椟城),40
Hei-ssu[人]黑厮,304
Heliocles[人]赫利克勒斯,30
Hellenistic art[文]希腊艺术xxvi,12,18,25,39,48
Helmand[地]赫尔曼德河,428
Henry III (of Castile)[人]亨利三世,453
Henry I (of Cyprus)[人]亨利一世,271
Henry (of Silesia)[人]亨利,266
Heraclea Pontica (Eregli)[地]赫拉克利庞蒂亚(埃雷利),174
Heraclius[人]希拉克略,174,179
Herat[地]赫拉特,哈烈,也里,68,85,116,167,168,241,242,334,340,343,352,354,369,370,380,385,386,390,426,427,428,445,457,459,461,465,481-482,484,485,498
Herodian[人]赫洛店,84
Herodotus[人]希罗多德,8,9,10,21,23,392,545注-549注,552
Herrmann, Albert[人]赫尔曼·阿尔伯特,20,35,41,42,172,214
Herzfeld, E.[人]赫兹菲德,50
Hethum I[人]海屯一世,263,264,269,271,281-282,360,361,362,363
Hethum II[人]海屯二世,379,382
Hethum (monk)[人]海顿和尚,见Hayton
Heu Kiun-tsi[人]侯君集,98
Heves[地]赫淮什,8
Hévésy, Guillaume de[人]纪尧姆·赫威塞,xxv,576注
Hezarasp[地]赫扎拉斯普,159,488,521
Hie-li (El)[人]颉利,90,92
Hien[人]贤,43
Hierapolis[地]海俄拉城,见Menbij
Hieu-ch'u[族]休屠部,35
Himalayas[地]喜马拉雅,xxi
Hinchow[地]忻州,107
Hinduism[宗]印度教,315,417,443,445,446
Hindu Kush[地]兴都库什山,68,69,71,85,93,241,244,343,346
Hirado-shima[地]平卢岛,289
Hissar[地]喜萨尔,464,484
History of the Conqueror of the World[书]《世界征服者史》,见Juvaini
Hiu K'ang-tsung[人]许亢宗,134
Hizen[地]肥前省,289
Hochow (Hochwan)[地]合州(合川),284
Hochung (Puchow)[地]河中(浦州),137,233,257
Hochwan[地]合川(合州),见Hochow
Hojo Tokimune[人]北条时宗,289
Hokien (Cacianfu)[地]河间,130,132,137,229,230,308,604注
Ho K'iu-ping[人]霍去病,35
Ho Ko-tu-lu[人]合骨咄禄,见Alp Qutlugh
Ho-lien[族]赫连部,61
Holin[地]和林,见Karakorum
Ho-li Pu-shih-pi (Hari Pushpa)[人]诃黎布失毕,99-100,101
Ho-lo-ma[人]合剌,138,139
Ho-lu[人]贺鲁,102-103
Holwan[地]霍尔湾,169,355
Holy Land[宗]圣地,373-376;参见Crusades and crusaders; Jerusalem
Homs[地]霍姆斯,362,365,371,378,382,447
Honan[地]河南,4,57,58,59,61,65,137,138,227,232,255,257,258,259,283,517
Honoria[人]荷罗丽娅,76
Honorius IV, Pope[人](教皇)霍诺留斯四世,373,374
Hopei[地]河北,xxvi,3,19,25,54,57,58,59,60,65,106,108,127,128,129,131,136,137,138,164,229,230,232,284,325,507,519
Hormuz (Ormuz)[地]霍尔木兹,忽里模子,305,309,312,313,315
Horse[专]马手,xxvi,12,223,549注,554注,stirrup,8,176,546注;参见Archers, mounted
Ho-shang (Buddhist monks)[宗]和尚,602注
Ho-ti[人](东汉)和帝,42
Hotien[地]于阗,和田,见Khotan
Hou-Chao[朝]后赵,57-58
Hou-Chin[朝]后金,127,129-130
Hou-Ch'in[朝]后秦,59
Hou-Chou[朝]后周,130,131
Hou-Han[朝]后汉,130
Hou Han Shu[书]《后汉书》,30,31,32
Hou-Liang (4th-5th cent.)[朝]后梁(4-5世纪),60
Hou-Liang (10th cent.)[朝]后梁(10世纪),126
Hou-T'ang[朝]后唐,127
Hou-Yen[朝]后燕,59,60
Howorth, H. H.[人]豪沃思,439,440
Hoyin-irgen (forest hunters)[专]槐因·亦儿坚(林中人),195
Hsailaihsien[地]怀来县(妫州),见Kweichow
Hsia[朝]夏朝,61
Hsia, Hsi-[朝]西夏,见Hsi-Hsia
Hsiang-shan[人]香山,603注
Hsiao-shih[人]肖氏,131
Hsia Yüeh-chih[族]小月氏,28-29
Hsi-Ch'in[朝]西秦,60
Hsien[朝]速古泰国,见Sukhotai
Hsien-pi[族]鲜卑人,xxiv,xxviii,xxix,39,46,47,53-54,55,61,89,193,283,;参见Mu-jung; T'u-yü-huen
Hsien-sheng (Taoist monks)[宗]先生(道教和尚),602注
Hsien-yün[族] 狁(匈奴),见Hsiung-nu
Hsi-Hsia[朝]西夏,26,132,133,189,212,226-227,247,330
Hsi-Hsia script[文]西夏文,133
Hsiung-nu (Hsien-yün; Hsiun-yü),[族]匈奴人( 狁,荤粥),xxii,xxiv,xxviii,8,13,15,17-21,23-29,32,34-39,41-48,50,53-54,55,56,61,72,75,76,81,176,217,224,256,283,417,546注,553注-554注;参见Hou-Chao; Hu (tribe); Huns; Ts'ien-Chao
Hsi-Wei[朝]西魏,65,66,81
Hsi-Yen[朝]西燕,59
Hsüan-ti[人]汉宣帝,38
Hsüan-tsang[人]玄奘,70,85,93,94,95-96,98,99,100-101,116,315
Hsüan-tsung[人]唐玄宗,111,112,114,117,118,120,128,565注
Hsü Chou-huei[人]徐寿辉,323
Hsü Ta[人]徐达,325,502
Hu (queen)[人]胡太后,65
Hu (tribe)[族]胡人,19-20;参见Hsiung-nu
Huai-jen[人]怀仁可汗,见Qutlugh Bilgä
Huang Ch'ao[人]黄巢,126
Hu-ch'u-ch'uan[人]呼厨泉,56
Hudud Al-Alam[书]《世界境域志》,148,177
Huen-shih[族]浑邪部,35
Hu-han-ch'eng[地]忽汗城,515
Hu-han-ye[族]呼韩邪,37-38
Hui-tsung[人]宋徽宗,134,136-137
Hu-kie[族]呼揭,38
Hulägu (Hulaku)[人]旭烈兀,282,285,296,305,331,349,353-367,372,397-398,419,609注
Hulägu, house of[族]旭烈兀家族,311,327,333,334,339,386,387,396
Hulaku[人]旭烈兀,见Hulägu
Hulun Nor[地]呼伦诺尔,见Dalai Nor
Humayun[人]胡马云,484
Humi[地]护密(瓦罕),见Wakhan
Huna[族]参看莚哒,见Ephthalites; Huns
Hunan[地]湖南,284,287,323
Hungarian language[文]匈牙利语言,177
Hungarians[族]匈牙利人,马扎尔人,见Magyars
Hungary[地]匈牙利,xxiii,8,72,174,176,266-267,395,449
Hungchow[地]洪州(南昌),见Nanchang
Hung-wu (Chu Yüan-chang)[人]洪武帝(朱元璋),323-324,325,453
Huni (Kunni)[族]昆尼部,171,172;参见Uarkhonites
Hunni[族]参看匈人,见Huns
Hunnic art[文]匈奴艺术,12,13-14,17,18,19,24-26,37,50,176
Hunnugur (Viguri)[族]昆奴格尔,172
Huns (Huna; Hunni)[族]匈人,xxiii,xxvi,7-8,19,21,23-24,55,72-76,78-79,80,190,224;参见individual tribes
Huns, White[族]白匈奴(莚哒人)见Ephthalites
Hunting[专]狩猎部落,195,224,226
Hupeh[地]湖北,137,259,284,287,323
Hu-pi-lie[人]忽必烈,见Kublai
Hurka (Mutan)[地]忽尔卡河,515,516
Husain (活跃于1280年)[人]哈散,601注
Husain (活跃于1326年)[人]胡赛因,387
Husain (Mir Husain;活跃于1360年)[人]迷里忽辛,346,409,411-416
Husain-i Baiqara[人]速檀·忽辛·拜哈拉,243,417,464-465,481
Husain Jelair[人]胡赛因·札剌儿,390,429
Husain Kert[人]穆兹哀丁·胡赛因,见Mu'izz ad-Din Kert
Husain Sufi (活跃于1360年)[人]胡赛因·苏菲,421
Husain Sufi (活跃于1505年)[人]胡赛因·苏菲,481
Hu San-sheng[人]胡三省,570注
Hu-sha-hu[人]胡沙虎,197,230
Huvishka[人]胡韦斯迦,32
Hu-yen[族]呼衍,42,47,48
Hwai[地]淮河,58,59,64,65,137,138,139,227,308
Hwaian (Coigangiu)[地]淮安,308
Hwaining[地]会宁,138
Hwangchow[地]黄州,137,259,287
Hweichung[地]回中皇宫,34
Hyacinthus[人]雅琴夫,210
Iaci[地]押赤,见Yunnan (town)
Ianzu[地]扬州,见Yangchow
Ibak[人]伊巴克,471,489
Ibaqa-bäki[人]亦必合别吉,212,583注
Ibn al-Athir[人]伊本·艾西尔,186,245,262,573注,590注
Ibn 'Arabshah[人]伊本·阿拉不沙,431,435,442,448,451,470,623注
Ibn-Batuta[人]伊本·白图泰,311
Ibn-Fadhan, Risala[人]伊本·法德罕,181
Ibn Hajar Asqalani[人]伊本·哈扎尔·阿斯卡拉尼,442
Ibn-Khaldun[人]伊本·哈尔顿,447-448
Ibrahim (死于1156年)[人]易不拉欣,574注
Ibrahim (活跃于1468年)[人]易不拉欣,473
Ibrahim ibn-Inal[人]易不拉欣·伊本·伊纳尔,150,151
Ibrahim Ong (Wang)[人]亦不剌忻·王,508
Iconium[地]伊康,153
Idakou, Idaku[专]亦都护(称号),见Idiqu
Idigutschai[人]亦都护集乃,122,563注
Idiqu (Idakou; Idaku; Yedigei)[人]亦敌忽,440,442,470,622注
Idiqut (iduq-qut; as title)[专]亦都护,588注
Iduq-qut[专]亦都护,见Idiqut
Igor (活跃于944年)[人]伊戈尔,182
Ikhshedh Ghurek[人]伊克谢德·胡拉克,见Ghurek
Iki-ögüz[族]埃基·乌古思人,277
Ikirä[族]亦乞剌思部,194,207
Iki-shima[地]壹岐岛,289
Ilamish[地]伊拉米什草原,169
Ilanjouc[地]吉兰乞克河,见Jilanchik
Ilbars[人]伊勒巴斯,487
Ilbars II[人]伊勒巴斯二世,488
Ilbilgä[人]颉利毗伽可敦,103
Ildegiz[人]伊尔第吉兹,158
Ilduchi, Thomas[人]托马斯·伊尔杜奇,384
Ilek[地]伊列克河,394,478
Ilek Nasr[人]伊列克·纳斯尔(阿尔斯兰·伊列克·纳斯尔),见Arslan Ilek Nasr
Ilham[人]伊尔哈姆,473
Ili (Ailah)[地]伊犁河,xxiii,xxix,29,37,38,45,53,67,82,83,89,109,114,115,117,118,119,120,144,145,147,165,172,233,234,235,236,254,270,272,277,286,292,293,305,312,319,326,327,332,333,338,341,342,344,409-413,417,420,422,423,424,425,460,461,463,482,491,492,493,495,497,499,501,504,506,507,508,522,525,-529,531,532,537,538,542,626注
Ilibaligh[地]亦里八力,453
Il-khan (as title)[专]伊儿汗(称号),296
Ilkhe-Alyk[地]埃里克,25,549注
Ilqa[人]亦剌合(参看桑昆),见Sängün
Iltutmish[人]伊勒特迷失,260
Ilyas[人]伊牙思,452
Ilyas-khoja[人]也里牙思火者,346,410,411-412,422
Ilyas Ong[人]也里牙思王,508
Imeretia[地]埃麦利蒂亚,272,350
Imil[地]额敏河,叶密立河,xxiii,38,82,114,164,255,269,270,272,273,277,286,291,293,295,312,332,333,349,424,523,525,526,531,532,538
Inal (as title)[专]亦纳勒(称号),191
Inalchiq (Qadir-khan)[人]亦纳乞克(哈亦儿汗),238,589注
Inanch-bilgä[人]亦难赤必勒格,190-191,192,204,205,213
India[地]印度,32,49,69,70,71-72,80,146,168,241,242,260,311,315,339,340,341,417,419,420,434,443-446,484,498,499
Indian art[文]印度艺术,48,49,50,96;参见Buddhist art
Indian Ocean[地]印度洋,311
Indigirka[地]因迪吉尔卡河,xxv
Indochina[地]印度支那,284,289-290
Indo-European languages[文]印欧语,xxiii,28,40,96
Indo-European oases[地]印欧绿洲(塔里木盆地),见Tarim
Indo-Scythians[族]印度-塞人(贵霜人,月氏人),27,28,49;参见Kushan; Yüeh-chih
Indravarman IV[人]因陀罗诺曼四世,290
Indus[地]印度河,71,241,340,444
Inju (revenue)[专]引主(税收),253
Inkagir[族]伊卡基尔人,515
Innocent IV, Pope[人]教皇英诺森四世,217,270,348,349
Ioguristan[地]畏兀儿斯坦,见Uiguristan
Ionia[地]伊洛尼亚,452
Ionians (Yavana)[地](希腊人称)大宛(费尔干纳),554注
Ipsala[地]伊普萨拉,184
Iranjin[人]伊剌金,383
Irano-Buddhist art[文]伊朗-佛教艺术,51-52,96,97-98
Iraq 'Ajami[地]伊剌克·阿只迷,150,151,158,159,160,167,236,240,260,261,351,353,354,372,381,389,420,429,453,457,458,459,461,462
Iraq 'Arabi[地]伊剌克阿拉比,151,158,169,245,315,433,434,456,458,461
Irdana (Erdeni)[人]额尔德尼,488
Irene (wife of Constantine V),[人]伊拉尼皇后,179
Irgen (tribe)[专]亦儿坚(部落),579注
Irgiz[地]伊尔吉兹河,149,394,478
Iron age[专]铁器时代,6,11,17-18
Iron Gates[地]铁门,86,93,342,411
Irrawaddy[地]伊洛瓦底江,290,291,308
Irtysh[地]额尔齐斯,也儿的石河,61,109,119,148,185,215,244,254,268,292,478,489,490,504,523,524;参见Black Irtysh
Isa[人]伊萨,452
'Isä (Jesus; Ai-sie)[人]伊萨,304
Isfarain[地]亦思法拉因,428,485
Isfendiyar[人]伊斯芬迪亚,521
Isfendiyar-oglu[族]伊斯芬迪亚家族,452
Isfijab[地]伊斯法吉勃(赛拉姆城),见Sairam
Ishim-khan[人]伊斯姆汗,521,526
Ishkalcha[地]伊斯卡察(阿曼科赫堡),见Amankoh
Ishkapai[人]伊斯卡帕,8
Isho[人]伊索,见Yi-sho
Ishthakri[人]伊斯塔克里,182
Iskander (活跃于1400年)[人]米儿咱·伊斯堪答儿,见Mirza Iskander
Iskander (活跃于1429年)[人]昔干答儿,456,457,458,459
Iskander (1560-83)[人]伊斯坎德尔,485,486
Isker[朝]失必儿国,见Sibir
Islam[宗]伊斯兰教,114,115,118,120,121,142,145,180,220,235,243,244,281,297,300,312,328,330,344,359,360,361,379,383,396,397,405,416-417,443,445,446,453,522,527,628注;哈纳菲派,400;圣战,152,237,297,416,450,451-452;499;易司马仪派,353,354,367;Shafi'ites, 400;法典,416;十叶派,142-143,150,151,390,483,484;逊尼派,142-143,145,150,152,390,483,484
Islam Girei II[人]伊斯兰·格来,472
Isma'il (活跃于1272年)[人]伊斯迈尔,287
Isma'il (活跃于1510年)[人]伊斯迈尔,483
Isma'il (活跃于1678年)[人]伊斯迈尔汗(萨菲朝沙赫),500,501,527,528
Isma'il II (活跃于1540年)[人]伊斯迈尔(波斯沙赫),485
Isma'il ibn-Ahmed[人]伊斯迈尔·伊本·阿赫默德,142
Isma'ilis (Assassins)[宗]易司马仪教派,353,354,367
Ispahan[地]伊斯法罕,xxix,151,153,260,261,390,391,431,432,433,436,456,457,458,459,461,462
Isra'il[人]伊斯莱尔,149
Issedones[族]伊赛多涅斯人,10-11,547注
Issedon Scythica[地]伊塞顿·斯基卡,41
Issedon Serica[地]伊塞顿·塞里卡,41
Issyk Kul[地]伊塞克湖,xxiii,xxvi,83,87,93,95,102,114,115,119,120,133,145,148,149,159,164,165,189,233,236,254,272,273,312,326,340-344,422,425,460,491,494,499,532
Istämi (Shih-tie-mi; Sinjibu; Silzibul)[人]室点蜜,82,83,84,86
Itil (river)[地]伊提尔河(伏尔加河),见Volga
Itil (town; al-Baida; Sarigh-shin; Saqsin)[地]伊提尔城,180,577注
Ïtügän[地]於都斤山,见Ätügän
Ivailo (Lakhanas)[人]伊凡洛(拉汗纳斯),402
Ivan I[人]伊凡一世,404
Ivan III (the Great)[人]伊凡三世(大帝),395,470,471
Ivan IV (the Terrible)[人]伊凡四世(伊凡雷帝),475,489
Ivane[人]伊万涅,261,263
Izmir[地]士麦那,见Smyrna
Izmit (Nicomedia)[地]伊兹米特(尼科美底亚),184
Iznik[地]伊兹尼克(尼西亚),见Nicaea
Jacobites[宗]雅各派,357,361,368
Jaffa[地]贾法,360
Jagambu (Jaqambu)[人]札阿绀孛,204,205,206,212,581注
Jagan[人]札甘,541
Jagatai (Chagatai)[人]察合台,229,238,239,254-255,269,326,328,589注,592注,606注
Jagatai, house of[族]察合台家族,271,273,274,292-296,303,305,306,315,319,326-336,338-346,358,366,382,384,386,397,401,403,409-411,413,417,419,421,424,453,460,461;参见Mogholistan
Jaghun (army captain)[专]札温(百夫长),222
Jägün-ghar[专]左翼军,见Jegün-ghar
Jagiello[人]雅杰罗,441
Jahangir[人]只罕杰儿,421,423,456
Jahan Shah[人]只罕沙,459,461-462
Jahan Soz[人]贾汗·索兹,167-168
Jajirat (Juirat)[族]札只剌惕,194,201,207,213,215
Jalal ad-Din Manguberti (Mängüberti)[人]札兰丁·曼古伯惕,xxvii,237,241-242,259-261,262,347,418,590注
Jalan[人]扎兰,530
Jalish[地]察力失(喀拉沙尔),见Kara Shahr
Jäm[地]剑河,见Chäm
Jamahar (rattle)[专]象声词牟牟,377
Jamal ad-Din Mahmud[人]贾马阿丁·马合木,598注
Jamal Qarshi[人]贾马尔·喀什,332,334
Jaman Aq-köl[地]贾曼阿克库尔,439
James (of Florence)[人](佛罗伦萨的)詹姆斯,608注
James, Mar[人]马·詹姆斯,见Mar James
Jami[人]札米,465
Jami-ut-Tavarikh[书]《史集》,见Rashid ad-Din
Jammu[人]朱木拿大公,446
Jamuqa[人]札木合,201,202,203,206-207,209,212-216,584注
Jan[人]札尼伯,486
Jan 'Ali[人]杰·阿里,475
Janggin[专]章京,530
Janibeg (1340-57)[人]札尼别汗,389,400,405
Janibeg (活跃于约1460年)[人]札你贝,479-480
Janids[朝]札尼家族,见Astrakhanids
Janizaries[专]雅内萨里(近卫军),451
Jaochow[地]饶州,324
Jaqambu[人]札阿绀孛,见Jagambu
Japan[朝]日本,289
Japan, Sea of[地]日本海,516
Jarliq[专]札里雅黑,见Yarligh
Jasa[专]扎撒,见Yasaq
Jasak (prince)[专]宗王,517
Jasaq[专]扎撒,见Yasaq
Jasrat[人]贾斯腊特,444
Jaunpur[朝]札温普儿王国,444
Java[地]爪哇,291,311,315
Jaxartes[地]锡尔河,见Sy'r Darya
Jayagatu (jaya'atu)[专](蒙古语)天国在地上的代表或使者,585注
Jayan-buqa[人]者燕不花,603注
Jaylak (Djaylak; Alaka)[人]迪杰拉克,402
Jazira, Al[地]阿勒贾兹拉,361
Jazyges[族]贾兹基人,72
Jean de Carcassonne[人]让·德·卡尔卡松,273,349
Jean sans Peur[人]琼·桑·普尔,449
Jebe[人]者别(哲别),207,214,228,229,236,240,245-246,247,260,264,582注
Jegün-ghar (jägün-ghar; je'un-ghar; jun-ghar; segon-ghar;left or east wing)[专]左翼军,223,509,520,629注
Jehol (Wu-liang-ha)[地]热河,xxii,25,54,83,108,112,127,136,138,164,285,507,538
Jeje'er Undur[地]杰杰儿·乌都儿,212,583注
Jeku[人]术客,见Chaka
Jelairs[族]札剌儿部人,194,197,201,389-390,391,405,420,426,429,430
Jelme[人]者勒蔑,207,214
Jend,[地]真德(今波罗威斯附近),149,238
Jenghiz Khan (Temujin; Chinggiskhan)[人]成吉思汗(铁木真),xxiv,xxvi-xxvii,xxviii,20,78,169,170,186,193-194,195-196,199-244,247-252,259-260,301,320,328,394,414,417,419-420,516,539,580注,581注,586注,591注;之死,248;说明,199,249-250;法典,格言,221;军旗,210,216,217;死后土地分配,253-256
Jenkshi (Djenkshi)[人]靖克失汗,341
Jerome (of Florence)[人](佛罗伦萨的)捷罗姆,314
Jerqabchiqai[地]杰哈齐海峡谷,583注
Jerusalem[地]耶路撒冷城,302,303,360,361,368,369,374
Jesusabran, Mar,[人]马·耶酥沙布兰,见Mar Jesusabran
Je'un-ghar[专]左翼军,见Jegün-ghar
Jihun[地]古浑河,370
Jilanchik (Ilanjouc)[地]吉兰乞克河,439
Jinong (as title)[专]济农(称号),509
Jnanagupta[人]阇那崛多,562注
Jöchi[人]术赤,198,201,209,229,238,239,247,253-254,351,392,394,589注
Jöchi, house of[族]术赤家族,272,273,339,393,394,398;参见Kipchak khanate
John (of Brienne)[人]约翰王,245-246
John II (Comnenus)[人]约翰二世,185
John VI (Patriarch of Baghdad)[人]约翰六世,191
John VII (Palaeologus)[人]约翰七世,452
John XXII, Pope[人](教皇)约翰二十二世,404
Joinville, Jean de[人]约因维尔,252
Jordan (river)[地]约旦河,364
Jordanes[人]约丹尼斯,xxix,73,74,76,78
Joseph (活跃于948年)[人]约瑟,181
Juan-juan (Ju-juan; Kermikhions)[族]柔然,xxiv,xxix,60-64,66,67,80,81-82,171,172,173,176,193,216,217,231,417,575注;参见Avars
Juban[人]出班,见Chopan
Ju-chen[族]女真人,见Jurchid
Judaism[宗]犹太教,180-181,379
Juirat[族]札只剌惕部,见Jajirat
Ju-juan[族]参看柔然,见Juan-juan
Julien (of Sidon)[人](西顿的)儒连,364
Jumna[地]朱木那河,445
Jung, Pei-[族]北戎,见Pei-Jung
Jungar[族]准噶尔,见Dzungar
Jungdu[地]中都,见Peking
Jun-ghar[专]左翼军,见Jegün-ghar
Jungshiyabo[族]永谢布,见Kharachin
Juning[地]汝宁(蔡州),见Ts'aichow
Jurchedäi (Jurchedäi-noyan)[人]主儿扯歹,210,583注
Jurchid (Ju-chen; Jurche; Jurchen)[族]女真人,xxvi,xxviii,66,128,130,133,134,136-140,164,189,190,196,231,233,288,515-516;参见Kin
Jurchid script[文]女真文,516
Jurjan[人]朱尔赞,428
Jurkin (Jurki)[族]主儿乞部(主儿金部),202,204,581注
Justin II[人]查士丁尼二世,83-84
Justinian[人]查士丁尼,79,172,173
Justinian II[人]查士丁尼二世,177,179
Juvaini ('Ala ad-Din Juvaini),Ta'rikh-i Jahan-gusha (History of the Conqueror of the World)[人]志费尼《世界征服者史》,168,190,236,239,266,267,326,329,367,396,397,574注,589注,609注
Jüz[专]玉兹(帐)625注
Juzjani, Tabaqat-i-Nasiri[人]朱兹贾尼(《宗教保卫者一览表》),199,396,588注,589注
Kabadian (Mikoyanabad)[地]米高扬纳巴德,342
Kabaka[地]卡巴卡,626注
Kaba-matan (Mitan)[地]卡巴·马坦,411
Kabars[族]卡巴尔人,178
Kabil-shah[人]哈比勒·沙,见Kabul-shah
Käbtäül (käbtäwüt, käbtä'üt; army guards)[专]值夜班者,222
Kabul[地]喀布尔,32,50,68,69,70,71,80,119,143,241,340,346,409,411,412,414,426,456,457,483,484
Kabul-shah (Kabil-shah)[人]哈比勒·沙,411,416
Kadphises I[人]卡德菲斯一世,见Kujula (Kujolo)Kadphises
Kadphises II[人]卡德菲斯二世,见Vima Kadphises,32
Kaesong[地]开城,259
Kaichow[地]开州(澶州),见Shenchow
Kaifeng (P'ien; Taliang)[地]开封(汴),xxix,57,127,130,132,133,137,138,227,230,232,257,258,259,296,310,323,324
Kai-Kawus II[人]凯卡兀思,272,350,354,359,399-400
Kai-Khosrau[人]凯库思老,263
Kai-Khosrau III[人]凯库思老三世,370
Kai Kia-yun[人]盖嘉远,115
Kailu[地]开鲁(应昌),见Yingchang
Kai-Qobad II[人]凯库巴德二世,382
K'ai Yüan[人]海云,276
Kakheth[地]卡希什,434
Kakhetia[地]卡希底亚,356
Kakrak[地]卡克拉克,50-51
Kalgan[地]张家口,25,230,510,529,530
Kali[地]卡里,18
Kalka (Kalmius)[地]迦勒迦(卡尔米乌斯)河,246,247,407,436
Kalmucks[族]卡尔梅克人(卫拉特人),487,488,501,506,515,520-525,531;参见Dzungar; Oirat
Kaluga[地]卡卢加,73
Kama[地]卡马河,176,177,247,264,392,393,472
Kamala[人]甘麻剌,294,600注
Kamchatka[地]堪察加半岛,515
Kamennaya baba[地]卡曼纳雅·巴巴河(额尔齐斯河上游),556注
Kamil Muhammad, al-[人]卡米勒·穆罕默德,360-361
Kanchow (Campiciu; Kansan; Kutsang; in Kansu)[地]甘州(在甘肃境内),35,61,112,125,133,286,302,306,318,499
Kanchow (Kiangsi)[地]赣州(江西),见Kienchow
Kanda[地]坎塔(撒马尔罕),见Samarkand
Kandahar[地]坎大哈,31,32,69,143,340,429,456,457
Kandikh[人]坎迪赫,172
K'ang-hsi[人]康熙,xxx,518,519,529-533,536
Kanghwa[地]江华岛,259,289
K'ang-kiu[地]康居(索格底亚那),见Sogdiana
Kanishka[人]迦腻色迦,32
Kanjur[书]《甘珠尔经》,514
Kankhli[族]康里突厥人,165
Kansan[地]甘肃,见Kanchow (Kansu)
Kansu[地]甘肃,xxiii,3,4,27,28,32,35,37,44,47,48,53,54,59,60,66,112,118,125,128,133,189,226,247,251,283,286,294,302,303,312,321,369,496,499,505,510,527,538
Kan Ying[人]甘英,47
Kaochang[朝]高昌(吐鲁番),见Turfan
Kao Hing[人]高兴,291
Kao-kiu[族]高车,61,81;参见Töläch
Kaoliang[地]高粱河,131
Kao Sien-chih[人]高仙芝,115,119,120
Kao-ti[人]汉高帝(汉高祖),27
Kao-tsung (650-683)[人]唐高宗,102,103,106,107
Kao-tsung (12th cent.)[人]宋高宗,137,138
Kapal[地]卡帕尔城,272,277
Kapisa (Ki-pin)[朝]迦毕试国(罽宾),69,119
Karabakh[地]卡拉巴,见Arran
Karabalgasun[地]哈喇巴喇哈森,xxiv,114,121,122,124,128,256,568注
Karahisar[地]卡拉希沙尔,452
Karakhanids[朝]哈拉汗朝,133,144-149,152-153,159,164-166,168,169,235,237
Kara-Khitai[族]喀喇契丹,(黑契丹),xxix,159-160,164-169,186,189,204,215,233-236,326
Kara-khoja[地]哈拉火州(哈剌火州),见Turfan
Karakhoto (Yi-tsi-nai; Etzina)[地]哈拉霍托(古名亦集乃城),133
Kara-Kirghiz (Burut)[族]喀喇吉尔吉斯人,501,522,536
Karakol[地]克拉科尔,18,110,491
Karakorum (Holin)[地]哈拉和林(和林),xxiv,20,34,83,114,191,214,256,259,269,272,276,280,281,282,285,286,288,292,294,312,321,326,336,338,350,502,507,510,511,528,537,540,592注
Kara-Kum[地]卡拉库姆沙漠,xxii,107
Karaman (dynasty)[朝]卡拉曼朝,160,382,385,389,391,449,452
Karaman (place)[地]卡拉曼(拉兰达),见Laranda
Kara Muren[地]卡拉木仑河(黄河),见Yellow River
Kara Sengir Tughai[地]卡拉森吉尔角,481
Kara Shahr (Agni; Chalish; Cialis; Jalish; Yenki)[地]喀拉沙尔(焉耆·察力失),xxii,xxiii,28,40,41,43,45,46,48,52,59,61,62,95,98-99,103,107,114-115,125,144,233,420,424,491,493,497,498,563注
Karashahri language[文]焉耆语,28,40,96
Kara-Su[地]卡拉苏河,376
Karasuk[文]卡拉苏克文化,5
Kara-Tal (Qaratal)[地]哈拉塔尔,425,436,491,621注,625注
Kara-Tau[地]卡拉套山,393
Kara-Turgai (Ataqaroghai; Anacargou)[地]卡拉图尔盖河(阿塔合儿灰,阿纳哈儿浑),439
Kara-yus (Pisannaya gora)[地]卡拉攸斯(皮沙那亚戈拉谷地),556注
Karbala[地]卡尔巴拉,433
Karchin[族]喀喇沁部,见Kharachin
Karlgren[人]卡尔格林,24-25
Karni (Garni)[地]哈儿尼260
Kars[地]卡尔斯,263,281,430
Karshi (Qarshi)[地]卡尔施城,341,342,345,412,438,457
Kartlia[人]卡特利亚,272,350
Karun[地]哈尼,240
Kashan[地]卡尚城,305
Kashgar (Shufu; Cascar)[地]喀什城(疏附),xxii,xxiii,xxv,28,29,40,41,43,44,45,50,52,95,96,100-101,103,107,114-115,133,145,147,164,165,235,303,306,312,327,344,422,425,426,460,461,463,485,491-495,498,500,501,527,528,532,540,541,542
Kashgari (person)[人]喀什噶里,185
Kashgaria (Alti-shahr)[地]喀什噶尔,xxv,8,43,46,48,133,142,144-145,147,148,149,159,164,165,189,233,235,236,255,277,292,293,303,326,338,344,368,422,425,448,485,491,494,497,499,500,501,527,528,537,538,541,542
Käshik (guard)[专]怯薜(护卫军),213,222
Kashmir[地]克什米尔,71,118,119,446,498,499
Kasimov[地]卡西莫夫城,472
Kasinskoye[地]卡西斯科耶,16
Kastamonu[地]卡斯塔莫努,449,452
Katanda[地]卡坦塔,18,19
Kath[地]柯提,421,487,521
Kavadh[人]喀瓦德,68
Kaveripatnam[地]加韦里伯德讷姆,311
Kayal[地]卡亚尔,见Cail
Kayseri[地]开塞利,263,281,370,389,391,449,451
Kazakhs[族]哈萨克人(吉尔吉斯-哈萨克人)见Kirghiz-Kazakhs
Kazakhstan[地]哈萨克斯坦,5,393
Kazan (person)[人]哈赞,342
Kazan (place)[地]喀山,13,73,176,405,441,470,471,472,473,475
Kazerun[地]卡泽伦,366
Kazvin[地]可疾云(加兹温),142,240,245,312,372,458
Kazyr[地]克孜尔河,558注
Kebek[人]怯别,295,338,339-340,341,386
Kebek II[人]怯别二世,463,493
Kebeki (coins)[专]怯别币,341
Kediri (Daha)[地]谏义里,291
Kedrala[地]卡德拉拉,549注
Ke'er-un irgen (steppe herdsmen)[专]草原游牧民,195
Kelat[地]克拉特,428
Kelermes[地]克勒尔姆斯,4,11-12,15
Kemal Atatürk, Mustafa[人]穆斯塔法·克马尔·阿塔特克,164
Keng K'uei[人]耿夔,46,47
Keng Kung[人]耿恭,44
Keng Ping[人]耿秉,42,46
Kentei (Burqan Qaldun)[地]不儿罕合勒敦山(肯特山),189,199,200,219,248
Kerayit[族]克烈部,xxiv,xxv,191-192,199,200,203-213,216,217,220,227,300,417,578注
Kerch[地]刻赤(潘蒂卡派),15,52,85,173,405,549注,554注;参见Panticapaeum
Kergüd[族]乞儿古斯部,503
Keriya (Pem)[地]克里亚,306
Kerman (Cherman; Kirman)[地]起儿漫,151,152,153,260,261,269,305,309,353,382,390,431,432,433,459,461,462
Kermanshah[地]克尔曼沙赫,355
Kermian[地]克米安,449,451,452
Kermikhions[族]柔然,见Juan-Juan
Kerts[族]克尔特人,339,343,352-353,380,385-386,390,426-428
Kerulen[地]克鲁伦河,怯绿连河,xxii,xxiii,20,109,110,192,193,200,212,248,255,273,274,321,502,504,510,512,529,530,536,539,540
Kesh (Shahr-i Sebz)[地]渴石(沙赫里夏勃兹),343,345,346,409-414
Keszthely[地]凯斯特海伊,176
Khagan (qân; qaan; as title)[专]合罕(称号),61,216,217,221,560注,585注
Khaganos (sovereign)[专]可汗罗斯(称号),577注
Khailar[地]海拉尔,3
Khairkhana[地]海尔哈纳,51
Khaishan[人]海山,294,299,321,338
“Khaladjin-alt”[地]合兰真沙陀,210
“Khala-goun-ola”[地]哈拉-果翁-俄拉,210
Khalil[人]哈里勒,456,457
Khalka (people)[族]喀尔喀人,66,509,510,512,513,514,521,523,525,628,529,530,531,536,537,538,629注
Khalka (river)[地]合勒卡河,210,510
Khamdo[地]喀木,523
Khan (as title)[专]汗,可汗(称号),61,216,560注
Khanbaligh (Khan-baligh; qanbaliq)[地]汗八里(长安,北京),599注;参见Changan; Peking
Khangai[地]杭爱山(参看於都斤山),20,102,189,214,294,321,335,479,512,537;参见Otükän
Khanka[地]汗卡要塞,488
Khansa[地]参看杭州,见Hangchow
Khanzade[人]罕匝答,421
Khanzai[地]杭州,见Hangchow
Kharachin (Jungshiyabo; Karchin)[族]喀喇沁(永谢布人),509,517,629注
Khara Kula[人]哈剌忽剌,523,526
Khara Usu, Lake[地]哈拉乌兹湖,214
Khavalynsk[文]哈瓦伦斯克文化群,6
Khazaria (Gazaria)[地]可萨里亚,180,314,401,403
Khazar language[文]可萨文,557注
Khazars[族]可萨人,哈扎尔人,xxiv,xxviii,176,178-182,396,577注
Kherson[地]刻松城,73
Khewra[地]库腊,71
Khidr-shah[人]希德尔沙,452
Khilat[地]起剌特,261,263
Khilok[地]希洛克河,194,551注
Khingan[地]兴安岭,xxii,xxvi,39,53,54,55,86,192,194,208,210,505,517
Khingsai, Khinsa[地]杭州,见Hangchow
Khionites[族]希奥尼特人,68
Khitan (Khitai; Kitat)[族]契丹人,xxiv,xxviii,66,83,88,106,108,112,125,127-134,136,146,148,164-165,186,190,196,220,228,231,233,250,251-252,283,306,516;参见Kara-Khitai
Khitan language[文]契丹语,193
Khitan script[文]契丹文,133-134,570注
Khiva[地]希瓦(花剌子模),见Khwarizm
Khizr khan[人]希兹尔汗,446
Khizr-khoja[人]黑的儿火者,422,424,425
Khmer (Cambodia)[地]高棉,290,291
Khocho[朝]高昌,见Turfan
Khodzhent[地]忽毡,117,165,166,238,332,338,345,410,411,419,423,438,482,497
Khoi[地]忽伊,359
Khoit[族]辉特部,520,525,527,537,538,539;参见Dzungar
Khojas[专]和卓,500-501,527-528,540,541,628注
Khojo Jan (Little Khojo)[人]霍占集,541-542
Khokars[族]科卡尔,444
Khondemir[人]宽德密尔,465
Khongtaiji (prince imperial)[专]洪台吉(王子称号),630注
Khorchin (Qorchin)[族]科尔沁人,505,509,516-517,529,629注
Khortitsa[地]霍蒂萨,246
Khoshot[族]和硕特部,487,503,510,520,523-527,532,537,538,540;参见Oirat
Khosrau Firuz ar-Rahim[人]库思老·卑路支·拉希姆,150-151
Khotan (Cotan; Hotien; Yotkan)[地]于阗(和田,约特干),xxii,40,41,43,45,48,52,54,95,96,101,103,107,114-115,147,165,235,303,306,312,327,332,424,426,491,494,497,500,533,541
Khshevan (as title)[专](粟特语称号)王,68
Khudaidad[人]忽歹答,422,425,459-460
Khulm[地]胡勒姆,412
Khurasan[地]呼罗珊,68,87,116,142,143,144,146,147,149,150,153,155,159,160,166-167,236,240,260,261,305,309,334,340,345,351,352,353,368,369,372,373,376,381,386,387,390,410,413,415,417,427,428,456,459,461,463,464,481-485,492
Khutuktai Sechen Khongtaiji[人]库图克图彻辰洪台吉,510-514
Khu Urluk[人]和鄂尔勒克,521-522,523
Khuzistan[地]胡齐斯坦,169
Khvalinsk[地]克瓦林斯克,5
Khwarizm (Khiva)[地]花剌子模(希瓦),xxviii,9,116,150,158,159,160,166-170,189,233,234,236-242,247,254,260,261,301,330,332,335,351,354,355,392,397,420-421,426,479,481,487-488,521
Kialing[地]嘉陵江(四川),258,284
Kian[地]长江,见Yangtze
K'iang[族]羌人,28-29,47,48
Kiangchow (Kiukiang)[地]江州(九江),137,323
Kiangsi[地]江西,137
Kiangsu[地]江苏,58,138,287,302
Kichow[地]冀州(大名),见Taming
Kidara (Ki-to-lo)[人]基达拉(寄多罗),68,69
Kidarites[朝]基达里王朝,68,69
Kien[人]贤,43
Kienchow (Kanchow)[地]虔州(赣州),137
Kienkang[地]建康(南京),见Nanking
K'ien-k'u[族]坚昆人,38
Kienning[地]南京,见Nanking
Kienshih[地]监氏城,30
Kiev[地]基辅,乞瓦,10,73,181,182,224,246,265,270,271,395,436
Kigi[地]基伊,462
Ki-kou-kuan[地]岐沟关,132
Kikow[地]歧沟,570注
Kile[族]基列人,515
Kimäks[族]基马克人,148,185
Kin (Alchun; Chin)[族]金(参看完颜部),136-140,164,170,189,190,191,192-193,197,198,203,204,226-233,257-259,283,301,516;参见Wan-yen
King (river)[地]泾河,90
Kingchaofu[地]京兆府(长安),见Changan
Kingchow[地]荆州,122
Kin-ling-fu[地]金陵府(南京),见Nanking
Kinshan[地]金山岛,67,139
Kin-tsung[人]钦宗,136-137
K'iou Ch'ang-ch'uen (K'iou Ch'u-ki)[人]邱长春(邱处机),244,249,255,590注
Kipchak khanate (Golden Horde; White Horde)[朝]钦察汗国(金帐汗国,白帐),186,246,264,268-276,281,282,292,304-305,312,314,319,332,335,342,350,358,365-366,368,376,387,389,393-408,419,420,421,426,430,432,435-443,591注;参见Golden Horde; White Horde
Kipchaks (Cumans; Komanoi; Kun; Polovtsy; Qoun; Qumani)[族]钦察人,xxiv,xxviii,148,184,185-186,246,264,392,395,396
Ki-pin[朝]罽宾(迦毕试国)见Kapisa
Kirakos (of Ganja)[人](刚加的)基拉罗斯,282,342,356,357,360,363,367,396
Kirghiz (people)[族]黠戛斯,乞儿吉思,吉尔吉斯人,xxiv,19,106,109,124,125,128,148,196,205,216,418,473,478,483,485,549注,625注,参见Kara-Kirghiz; Kergüd
Kirghiz (Alexander; mountains)[地]吉尔吉斯山,xxiii,154,155,161,191,237,244
Kirghiz-Kazakhs (Qazaqs)[族]吉尔吉斯-哈萨克人,148,478,480,481,485,488-489,495,499,500,508,521,522,526,531,532,538,625注
Kirgis Nor[地]吉儿吉思湖,512
Kirin[地]吉林省,255,269
Kirki (Chufut-Kale)[地]基尔基,402
Kirman[地]起儿漫,见Kerman
Kishi-jüz[族]小帐,见Little Horde
Kishiliq[人]乞失力,210
Kishmain[人]乞失麦,330,606注
Kiskörös[地]小克勒什,176
Kitat[族]契丹,见Khitan
Kitbuqa[人]怯的不花,355,356,361-365
Ki-to-lo[人]寄多罗(基达拉),见Kidara
K'iu[族]麹氏,98
Kiuchüan[地]酒泉,28
Kiukiang[地]九江(江州),见Kiangchow
K'iu-li[地]渠犁,37
Kiu-ma[地]拒马河,132,570注
Kiun-ch'en[人]军臣单于,34
K'iu Pai-ya[人]麹伯雅,89,98
Kiu-pi-shö[族]车鼻施,119
Kiu-shih[地]车师(别失八里,吐鲁番),见Beshbaligh; Turfan
K'iu-tsu[地]龟兹,见Kucha
K'iu Wen-t'ai[人]麹文泰,98
Kiu-yen[地]居延,36
Kiu-yung-kuan (Nankow)Pass[地]居庸关(南口),106,507
Kiyat[族]乞颜氏族,193,194,198,201
Kizil[地]克孜尔,50,51-52,96,97-98,101
Kizil Irmak[地]克孜尔·伊尔马克,350
Kizilkaya (Qyzyl-qaya)[地]克孜勒卡亚,549注
Knights of Rhodes[专]罗德的骑士们,451
Koban[地]科本,5,11
Kobdo[地]科布多,61,92,113,190,205,214,479,508,510,512,513,520,521,525,526,527,536,537,538,540
Köbegün (princes)[专]王子,221
Koblevo[地]科布勒沃,6
Kobluk[人]古卜鲁克,见Kuilek
Kochkar[地]库什卡尔,423,561注
Köchkünji[人]速云赤,484,485
Ködä'ä-aral (Kötö'ü-aral)[地]阔帖兀阿兰,274
Kögmän[地]曲漫山,见Tannu-Ola
Koh-i-Baba[地]霍伊巴巴,465
Koirijak[人]科利贾克,469,622注
Kökächin (Cocachin)[人]阔阔真,308,309
Kokand[地]浩罕,482,486,488-489,496
Kök-böri[专]灰狼,544注
Kökchü (Täb-tängri)[人]阔阔出,195,217-218,219,585注,591注
Köke-khoto[地]库库河屯,见Kuku Hoto
Kökö däbtär (“blue books”;registers)[专]青册,220
Koko Nor[地]青海湖,47,65,89,118,509,513,523,524,525,526,532,540
Kökö Temür[人]扩廓帖木儿,324-325
Köksegu (Kökse'u)Sabraq[人]可苦速,205
Kökshün Orkhon[地]鄂尔浑河的科克沁,112
Kollam[地]奎隆,见Quilon
Ko-lo[人]葛勒,默延啜,见Mo-yen-cho
Kölö, Lake[地]曲烈湖,206
Kolomna[地]科罗姆纳,265
Kolyma[地]科雷马河,xxv
Komanoi[族]钦察人,见Kipchaks
Kona Shahr[地]科纳·沙尔,493
Konchaka[人]科恩恰哈,617注
Kondurcha[地]昆都尔察河,440
Kondurchinsk[地]孔杜尔恰斯克,440
König, F. W.[人]F·W·库利格,11
Konya (Lycaonia)[地]科尼亚(利考尼亚)xxix,155,157,261,263,272,281,382,385,387,389,452,573注
Korea[朝]朝鲜,高丽,128,133,259,289,515,599注
Körgüz (约死于1244年)[人]阔儿吉思,269
Körgüz (George; 1235-42)[人]阔儿吉思(乔治),351-352
Körgüz (Görgüz; George; d. 1298)[人]阔里吉思,294,301-302,306,314,318,335
Koshang[地]科尚(看托克托),见Toqto
Kosho-Tsaidam[地]和硕·柴达木,85-86,87,92-93,101,103,106,108-109,110,112-113,192,566注,578注
Ko Shu-han[人]哥舒翰,118
Kosogol, Lake[地]库苏泊,124,479,503
Kosovo[地]科索沃,449
Kostromskaya[地]科斯特罗马斯卡雅,12,13,15
Ko-tjong[人]王焢,259,288,599注
Kotor (Cattaro)[地]科托尔,267
Kötö'ü-aral[地]阔帖兀阿兰,见Ködä'ä-aral
Köyitän[人]阔亦田,207,582注
Közädagh[地]柯塞山,263
Kozel[地]科泽尔,546注
Kozlov, P. K.[人]科兹洛夫,25,39,133
Krasnoyarsk[地]克拉斯诺亚尔斯克,5,14
Krikor (Gregory)[人]克利科尔,358
Krum[人]克鲁姆,177
Kuang[地]两广,324
Kuangku[地]广固,557注
Kuang-tö[地]广德,43
Kuang Wu-ti[人]光武帝,39
Kubak-sari[地]和布克赛尔,526
Kuban[地]库班,4,10,11,12,15,16,72,73,74,176,180,182,392,442,472,503,522
Kublai (Hu-pi-lie; Qubilai; Qubilay; Qublay)[人]忽必烈,xxiii,xxviii,xxx,59,63,214,272,274,275,282-300,304,305,307,308-309,311,320,321,331,332,333,336,363,371-373,374,396,397,401,419,456,502,512,514,598注
Kublai, house of[族]忽必烈家族(看元朝),见Yüan
Kucha (K'iu-tsu; Kuche; Kuchi)[地]库车,xxii,xxiii,28,40,41,43-49,52,54,59,62,95-100,103,107,114-115,117,119,125,144,164,173,189,212,233,312,326,329,340,344,426,460,491,492,497,498,506,542,555注,556注
Kuchean language ("Tokharian" A and B)[语]库车语(吐火罗语A和B),xxiii,28,40,49,96,97,124,125,562注
Kucheng[地]古城(看别失八里),见Beshbaligh
Küchlüg[人]屈出律,190,215,233,234,235-236,330,584注
Küchow (Ghiugiu)[地]衢州,308
Kuchu[人]阔出,259,268
Kuchuk Muhammad[人]库楚克·马哈麻汗,470,472
Kuchum[人]库程汗,489,490
Kudang[人]库登汗,510
Kuei-shuang[族]贵霜人,见Kushans
Kuibyshev[地]古比雪夫(萨马拉),见Samara
Kuilek (Kobluk)[人]古卜鲁克,403
Kujula (Kujulo)Kadphises (Kadphises I; Ch'iu-chiu-ch'ueh)[人]卡德菲斯一世(邱就却),32,45-46,561注
Kuku Hoto (Köke-Khoto)[地]库库河屯(呼和浩特,归化城绥远城),35,136,510,514,529;参见Kweihwacheng; Suiyuan (town)
Kül-Bulat[人]库尔布鲁特,609注
Kuldja[地]固尔扎,234,235,282,292,312,319,326,424,528,531,533,538,539,540,541
Kule[地]库莱,184,
Ku-li (as title)[专]谷蠡王(称号),20
Kulikovo[地]库里科沃,405-406,407
Ku-ki P'ei-lo[人]骨力裴罗,见Qutlugh Bilgä
Kul Oba[地]库尔·奥巴,7,13,15
Kul-tegin[人]阙特勤,85-86,108-112,116
Kuma[地]库马,392
Kumaragupta[人]鸠摩罗芨多,69
Kumarajiva[人]鸠摩罗什,49-50,59
Kumiss (qumiz)[专]忽迷思(马奶酒),219,276,568注,587注
Kumo[地]阿克苏城(姑墨),见Aksu (town and province)
Kumtura[地]库姆吐拉,52,96,97,98
Kun[族]看钦察人,见Kipchaks
Kün-buqa[人]孔不花,259,301,302,303,599注
Künchow (Yüchow)[地]钧州(今禹州),258
Kundelung Ubasha[人]昆都仑乌巴什,487-488,523
Kundjuk[人]宽阇,见Kunjuk
Kunduz[地]昆都士,82-83,85,93,116,117,119,143,342,346,409,411,412,414
Kunduzcha[地]孔杜尔恰,440
Kungas (Kungkas)[人]孔加士,68
Kungchang (Lungsi)[地]关中(陇西),283
Kungei[地]昆格山,500
Kunges[地]空格斯,424,491
Kungkas[人]孔加士,见Kungas
Kung-ti[人]恭帝(宋),286
Kungyueh[地]弓月城,564注
Kunjuk (Kundjuk)[人]宽阇,338
Kunlun[地]昆仑山,533
Kunni[族]昆尼,见Huni
Kün tängridä ulugh bulmysh kütshlug bilgä ch'ung-tö[人]登啰羽録没蜜施句主毗伽可汗,122
Kuo Hiao-k'o[人]郭孝恪,95,99,100
K'uo-li-ki-ssu (George; name)[人]阔里吉思(乔治),301
K'uo-li-ki-ssu (George; person)[人](镇海之子)乔治,593注
Kuo-shih (as title)[专]国师(称号),298
Kupehkow[地]古北口,129
Kura[地]库拉河,261,347,369,398,399,430,437,462
Kurdistan[地]库尔德斯坦,263,361,430,433
Kurds[族]库尔德人,379,383
Kurdzhips[地]库尔德泽普斯,16
Kuriyen (circles)[专]古列延,196
Kusala[人]和世焺,321
Kushans (Kuei-shuang)[族]贵霜人,32,45-46,68-69
Kusmehan[地]库什麦罕,68
Kustanai[地]库斯坦赖,439
Kutahya[地]屈塔希亚,451,452
Kutaisi[地]库塔伊思,263
Kutan[人]忽滩,246,264
Ku-to-lu Pei-kia k'iu[人]骨咄禄毗伽阙可汗,见Qutlugh Bilgä
Kutrigurs[族]库特利格尔人,79,80,172,174,176
Kutsang[地]姑藏(甘州),见Kanchow (Kansu)
Ku-tu (as title)[专]骨都侯(称号),21
Kuvrat[人]库弗拉特,175,176
Kwachow[地]瓜州,35
Kwangping[地]广平,325
Kwangsi[地]广西,284,287,518
Kwangtung[地]广东,287
Kwantao[地]馆陶,325
Kwei[人]桂王,518
Kweichow (Hsailaihsien)[地]妫州(怀来县),106
Kweihwacheng[地]归化城,25,106,301,306,510,530,参见Kuku Hoto; Toqto
Kweilin[地]桂林,284,287,518
Kweiteh[地]归德,258
Kweitung[地]水洞沟,3
Kyakhta[地]恰克图,25
Kyozwa[人]莏苴,291
Kyushu[地]九州,289
Kyzyl-Kum[地]克齐尔库姆沙漠,xxii
Kyzyl-Su,[地]克孜尔河,41
Kzyl-Orda[地]克孜勒奥尔达(看波罗威斯克),见Perovsk
Ladakh[地]拉达克山,497,499
Ladislas (活跃于1287年)[人]拉迪斯拉斯,401
Lahore[地]拉合尔,168,339,443
Laikhor-khan[人]赉瑚尔汗,512
Lajazzo (Latakiap; Layas; Ayas)[地]剌牙思,305,312,313,370
Lakhanas[人]伊凡洛(拉汗纳斯),见Ivailo
Lakiashih (Aru-rarja)[地]拉加寺地区,525
Lalegir[族]拉列基尔人,515
Lamaism[宗]喇嘛教,220,298,299,319,323,383,513-515,523,564注,628注;红教,513,523;黄教,513,514,523,524,526,532,533,536,540
Lamut[族]拉穆特人,515
Lanchi[地](浙江)兰溪,308
Lanchow (Yüan-ch'uan)[地]兰州(苑川),35,60,107
Langson[地]谅山,290
Lao-shang[人]老上单于,21,27,28
Lao-tse[人]老子,见Taoism
Laranda (Karaman)[地]拉兰达(今卡拉曼),391,452
Lasha, David[人]大卫·拉沙,见David Lasha
Lasha, Giorgi III[人]吉奥吉尔三世拉沙,见Giorgi III Lasha
Latakia[地]剌牙思,见Lajazzo
Latsang khan[人]拉藏汗,524,532-533
Laurence (of Ancona)[人]劳伦斯,342
Law codes[专]法典,见Shari'a; Yasaq
Layas[地]剌牙思,见Lajazzo
Lazica[地]拉齐卡,84
Le Coq, A. A. von[人]勒柯,96,97,122
Legdan (Lingdan)[人]林丹汗,510,514,517
Legnica[地]里格尼兹,见Liegnitz
Lelvar[文]勒尔瓦尔文化,5,545注
Lena (river)[地]勒拿河,xxv,515
Leo, St. (Leo the Great)[人]圣利奥,76
Leo III (of Cilicia)[人](西里西亚的)利奥三世,371
Leo IV (the Khazar; Byzantine emperor)[人](拜占庭皇帝)利奥四世,179
Leo VI (Byzantine emperor)[人](拜占庭皇帝)利奥六世,178,180
Levedia[地]列维底亚,177,178,182
Levedian culture[专]列维底亚文化,67,549注
Levunion, Mount[地]列瓦尼恩山,184
Lezghians (Lezginy)[族]列兹基人,246
Lhasa[地]拉萨(布达拉宫),523,526-527,532,533,540;Potala,524,533
Li An-ch'uan[人]李安全,226,227
Liang[朝]梁,59,64
Liang, Hou-[朝]后梁,见Hou-Liang
Liangchow (Erginul; Ergiuul)[地]凉州,35,54,112,306
Liang K'in[人]梁慬,47
Liang Shu[书]《梁书》,68
Liao (dynasty)[朝]辽代(契丹),见Khitan
Liao (river)[地]辽河,39,54,61,83,127,128,164,196,228,293
Liaosi[地]辽西,53-54,57,88,108,112,230
Liaotung[地]辽东,39,53,57,58,128,250,507,510
Liaoyang[地]辽阳,131,136,138,139,227,228,229,516
Li Chih-ch'ang[人]李志常,249,275-276,590注
Liegnitz (Legnica)[地]里格尼兹,266
Li Ki-lung[人]李继隆,132-133
Li Ki-ts'ien[人]李继迁(赵保机),见Chao Pao-Ki
Li K'o-yung[人]李克用,126-127
Li Kuang-li[人]李广利,36
Li Ling[人]李陵,36
Linchow[地]灵州,568注
Lingchow (Lingwu)[地]灵州(灵武),108,126,132,226,247,568注
Lingdan[人]林丹汗,见Legdan
Lingkiu[地]灵丘,107,108,
Lingwu[地]灵武(灵州),见Lingchow
Linhwang[地]临潢,130,136
Lintao[地]临洮,517注
Li-pien-a-ta[人]列边阿塔,见Rabban-ata
Li Po, The Man of the Marches[人]李白《行行且游猎篇》,102
Li-p'o-chuen[人]栗婆准,99
Li Shih-min[人]李世民(唐太宗),见T'ai-tsung
Li Shih-tsi[人]李世筈,92
Lithuania[地]立陶宛,399,407,436,443,469
Lithuanians[族]立陶宛人,471
Li Tsin-chung[人]李尽忠,108
Li Tsing[人]李靖,92
Li-tsung[人]宋理宗,259
Li Ts'un-hsü[人]李存助,127,128
Little Horde (Kishi-jüz)[族]小帐(吉尔吉斯-哈萨克),478,480,485,521,522,625注;参见Kirghiz-Kazakhs
Little Pulu[朝]小勃律,见Gilgit
Little Yüeh-chih (Hsia Yüeh-chih)[族]小月氏,28-29
Li Tzu-ch'eng[人]李自成,517,518
Liu Chih-yüan[人]刘知远,130
Liu Fu-t'ung[人]刘福通,323
Liu Ts'ung[人]刘聪,xxviii,56,57
Liu Wei[人]刘伟,453
Liu Yüan[人]刘渊,56
Li Yi[人]李祎,118
Lobdzang[人]罗卜藏,512
Lob Nor[地]罗布泊,xxii,35,37,40,41,42,52,96,303,306,312,344,424;参见Shanshan; Yiwu
bLo-bzang (Nag-dbang bLo-bzang)[人]阿旺·罗卜藏,523-524,532
Loehr, Max[人]马克思·劳尔,4
Loire[地]卢瓦尔河,74
Lo-Lo[族]罗罗人,283-284
Lombards[族]伦巴德人,60,173,174
Longjumeau[人]安德烈·德·隆朱米,见André de Longjumeau; Guy (Guillaume)de Longjumeau
Loni[地]洛尼,444
Lop (Charkhlik)[地]罗不,306
Lore[地]罗耳,260
Lorraine[地]洛林,178
Louis IX (St. Louis)[人]路易斯九世,圣·路易斯,273,276,277,281,349
Louis the Child[人]孩童路易斯,178
Loulan[朝]楼兰,35,37,40,41,42
Loyang[地]洛阳,xxix,41,48,49,56,57,58,59,61,63,65,120,121,122,126,127,259,558注
Lu[人]鲁王,518
Lucalongo, Petrus da[人]彼得鲁斯,见Petrus da Lucalongo
Lüders, Heinrich[人]吕德斯,29
Lugar[地]卢卡尔河,590注
Lugovskoye[地]卢戈伊什科耶,558注
Lu-ho (Luke; name)[人]鲁合,301
Lukchun[地]鲁克沁,42,47
Luke (son of 'Isä)[人]鲁合,304
Lu Kuang[人]吕光,50,59,60
Luleburgaz (Arcadiopolis)[地]卢累布尔加兹,76,184
Lung[地]龙庭,34
Lungcheng[地]龙城,557注
Lungmen[地]龙门,64,65
Lungsi[地]陇西,见Kungchang
Lungtö,[地]隆德,248
Lur[族]罗耳人,432
Luristan[地]卢里斯坦,11,169,355,430,432
Lü Shih-chung[人]刘时中,284
Lutsang[地]鲁仓,525
Lü Wen-huang[人]吕文涣,287
Lwanping[地]滦平,24,25
Lycaonia[地]利考尼亚(科尼亚),见Konya
Lycia[地]吕基亚,452
Lyons[地]里昂,270
Macedonia[地]马其顿,449
Madali[人]马达里(穆罕默德·阿里),见Muhammad 'Ali
Madyes[人]马代斯,9
Maes Titianos[人]马厄斯·梯梯安洛斯,40,48,313
Magadha[朝]摩揭陀,71
Magdalenian culture[文]马格德林文化,3,13
Maghas (Mankas; Monkas)[地]蔑怯思,265
Maghreb[地]马格里布,355
Magnesia ad Sipylum (Manisa)[地]马格尼西亚,453
Magyars[族]马扎尔人,xxviii,174,177-179,181,182
Mahamu[人]马合木,503,504,628注
Ma-hei-ma[人]马黑麻,见Muhammad (活跃于1560年)
Mahmud (of Ghazni;死于1030年)[人](加兹尼的)马赫穆德,144,145-146,149,150
Mahmud (1487-93)[人]马合木,481
Mahmud (1487-1508)[人]马哈木,463,482,496-497
Mahmud (1494-95)[人]马合谋,464
Mahmudabad[地]马哈茂达巴德,462
Mahmud-beg[人]马合谋伯格,382,385
Mahmudek[人]马赫穆提克,472
Mahmud ibn Muhammad[人]马赫默德·伊本·穆罕默德,158
Mahmud khan[人]马合谋汗,416
Mahmud Shah II[人]马茂德·沙二世,444,445
Mahmud Yalavach[人]马合谋·牙剌洼赤,250-251,272,328,352
“Mahone”[专]马霍恩贸易公司,452
Maikop[地]迈科普,545注
Maiyafariqin[朝]蔑牙法里勒异密国,360
Maikhan (tent)[专]迈克罕,196
Maikop[地]迈科普,4,16
Maitreya khutukhtu[人]迈达里·胡土克图,514
Majapahit[朝]满者伯夷国,291
Majd ad-Din Baghdadi[人]马扎德丁·巴格达第,589注
Makikha[人]马基哈,356,357
Makhmet-kul (Muhammad-quli)[人]马赫麦特·库耳,489
Makhtum khanim[人]马黑秃木·哈尼木,506,508
Ma K'ing-siang[人]马金襄,593注
Malabar[地]无离拔,315
Malaya[地]马来亚,311
Malayu[地]马拉尤,600注
Malazgirt (Manzikert)[地]曼吉克特,152,184
Malfuzat-i Timuri[书]《帖木儿名言录》,444-445
Malik (as title)[专]马立克(称号,意为王),352
Malikshah[人]马立克沙赫,147,152-153,154,155,158
Mal-kal Tungus[族]靺鞨通古斯人,515
Mallu Iqbal[人]马鲁·伊黑巴勒,444,445
Malta (nr. Irkutsk)[地]马尔塔,3
Ma Lung[人]马隆,54
Malvan[地]马尔瓦(印度),32
Malwa[地]马尔瓦(印度),69,70,71,146
Malyi-Terek[地]马尔义特列克,558注
Mamai (Mamaq; 1361-80)[人]马麦,405-406,407,436
Mamai (活跃于1523年)[人]马迈(诺盖汗),473
Mamelukes[专]马木路克人(奴隶),153,155,245,263
Mamelukes (dynasty)[朝]马木路克王朝,364-365,366,368,370,371,373-376,Mamelukes (dynasty)(cont.)382,384-385,387,398,400,403,404,405,433,434,446-448
Manas (river)[地]玛纳斯河,100,342,344,422,491
Manchouli[地]满洲里,3
Manchu (dynasty)[朝]清朝,63,66,510,515-520,528-533,536-542
Manchu (people)[族]满族人,515,516
Manchukuo[朝]满洲国,515
Manchuria[地]满洲,80,85,128,134,136,137,211,227,228,229,293,294,515,516,517,519,529,538
Mandaghol[人]满都古勒,509
Mandasur[族]曼达索尔家族,71
Mandughai[人]满都海赛音,509
Manegir[族]玛尼基尔人,515
Mangala[人]忙哥剌,307,605注
Mangit[族]曼吉特部(诺盖部),见Nogai (tribe)
Mangu Timur (Mongka Temür)[人]忙哥帖木儿,292,333,366,371,401,606注
Mangyshlak Peninsula[地]曼吉什拉特半岛,521,522
Maniak[人]曼尼亚克,184
Maniakh[人]马尼亚克,83
Manichaean art[文]摩尼教艺术,122,124
Manichaeanism[宗]摩尼教,121,122,124-125,197,304,319
Manisa[地]马格尼西亚,见Magnesia ad Sipylum
Mankas[地]蔑怯思,见Maghas
Manqud[人]忙古惕,194,210
Mansur (死于1393年)[人]曼苏尔,431,432-433
Mansur (Mansur-khan; 1503-43)[人]满速儿汗,497,499
Mansur I ibn-Nuh[人]曼苏尔一世(伊本·努赫),143
Mansurov[人]曼苏罗夫,475
Manzi[朝]蛮子国,309,311
Manzikert[地]曼吉克特,见Malazgirt
Mao-tun[人]昌顿单于,27,28
Mao'undur[地]卯温都儿,210
Mar Abraham[人]马·雅巴拉哈,369
Maragheh[地]蔑剌合,245,262,359,367,368,377,379,382;望楼,384;蔑剌合,373,379,383
Marawsik-ila[地]马拉什克亦拉,326
Mar Denha[人]马·德赫,367,368,369
Mardin[地]马尔丁,433
Mar Guiwarguis[人]马·基瓦古斯,303
Marguz (Marcus)Buyiruq[人]马儿忽思不亦鲁,191
Marhasia (Christian bishops)[专]马儿哈昔,300
Maria (sister of Andronicus II)[人](拜占庭皇帝安德努尼卡斯二世的妹妹)马利亚,385
Marignolli, Giovanni da[人]约翰·马黎诺里,见Giovanni da Marignolli
Marinus (of Tyre)[人](提尔的)马里努斯,40
Maritsa[地]马里查山谷,184
Mariupol[地]马里乌波尔,246,407,436
Mar James[人]马·詹姆斯,369
Marj as-Soffar[地]马尔杰·索法尔,382
Mar Jesusabran[人]马·耶稣沙布兰,369
Mark (活跃于1248年)[人]马克,349
Markanda[地]马尔干达,撒麻耳干,见Samarkand
Märkit[族]蔑儿乞部,192,195,201,204,205,207,208,213,215,216,234,578注,584注
Mar Koka[地]马科卡,368
Markus[人]麻古思,见Mar Yahballaha III
Marquart Josef[人]马迦特,68,171,180,182
Mar Särgis (Ma Sie-li-ki-ssu)[人]马薜里吉思,302
Mar Sehyon[地]马塞坊,368
Mar Shalita[地]蔑剌合,见Maragheh条下
Martinovka[地]马提诺威卡,575注
Martonocha[地]马尔托罗查,10
Maruta,St.[人]圣·马鲁塔,361
Mary (daughter of Michael Palaeologus)[人](迈克尔·佩利奥洛格斯的女儿)马丽公主,368
Mar Yahballaha III (Markus)[人]马·雅巴拉哈三世(麻古思),301,302-303,336,368-369,372,373,377,379,383
Mashhad[地]麦士德(图斯),见Tus
Ma Sie-li-ki-ssu[人]马薜里吉思,见Mar Särgis
Maspero, Georges[人]马斯佩罗,19-20
Massagetae[族]马萨革泰人,9,547注
Mas'ud (1030-40)[人]马苏德,146,149
Mas'ud (1133-52)[人]马苏德,158
Mas'ud (活跃于1495年)[人]麻素提,464
Mas'ud II[人]马苏德二世,382,387
Mas'udi[人]马苏第,181
Mas'ud Yalavach (Mas'ud-beg)[人]麻速忽·牙剌洼赤(麻速忽伯格),269,328,331-335,352
Ma'sum Shah Murad[人]马桑·沙·穆拉德,486-487
Ma-ta-ku[人]麻达葛,139-140,227
Matarka[地]马他喀贸易据点,180
Mathura[地]孔雀城(摩突罗),32,146
Matla' es-sa'dein[书]《两幸福之会合》,见'Abd ar-Razzaq Samarqandi
Maurice (Byzantine emperor)[人](拜占庭皇帝)毛里斯,562注
Mazanderan[地]马赞德兰,351,353,354,390,428,432,464
Mazdaism[宗]马资达教,7,84,101,219
Mecca[地]麦加,244,373,414,430
Medes[族]米底人,7
Media[地]麦地那,9,11,31
Megujin se'ultu[人]蔑古真·薜兀勒图,204
Mehmed II[人]穆赫默德二世,471
Meimundiz[地]麦门底司堡,354
Melankhlenes[族]米兰克尼勒斯人,10,11
Melgunov[地]麦勒古罗夫,10
Melitopol[地]美利托波尔,15,546注
Menander[人]弥南,173
Menbij (Hierapolis)[地]门比杰,40,361
Meng Kung[人]孟珙,282
Mengli Girei (Geray)[人]明里·格来,470,471,472
Meng T'ien[人]蒙恬,26-27
Mentese[地]门泰斯,449,451,452
Merhart, J.[人]麦哈特,16-17,25,37
Merovingians[朝]墨洛温王朝(人),60
Merv[地]莫夫(马里),xxi,40,67,68,80,85,116,117,144,147,150,159,160,164,167,191,240,242,243,312,334,369,483,487
Meshed[地]麦什德(图斯),见Tus
Meshed-i-Sar (Babulsar)[地]麦什德·萨尔,432
Mesia[地]麦西亚,78
Mesopotamian art[文]美索不达米亚艺术,4,11-12
Metz[地]梅斯,76
Michael Palaeologus[人]迈克尔·佩利奥洛格斯,368,399,400
Middle Horde (Orta-jüz)[朝]中帐,478,480,522,532,625注,参见Kirghiz-Kazakhs
Mien[朝]缅甸,见Burma
Mihaeni[地]米赫埃尼,8
Mika'il[人]米凯尔,149
Mikhailovka[地]米海洛夫卡,6,8
Mikirakula[人]摩醯逻矩罗,71,248
Mikoyanabad[地]米高扬纳巴德,见Kabadian
Milan[地]米兰,56,76
Mindor[地]闵多儿,260
Mindszent[地]明曾特,176
Ming[朝]明朝,319,323,324,325,424,453,456,459,488,494,496,498-499,502-507,510-511,512,516,517,518,540
Ming-an[人]明安,588注
Mingchow[地]明州(宁波),见Ningpo
Mingghan (army captain)[专]敏罕(千夫长),222
Ming-lak[地]明拉克,626注
Ming-shih[书]《明史》,494,495,496,499,503-507,510
Ming-ti[人]明帝,42,43
Minorsky, V. F.[人]米诺尔斯基,146,172,180,185
Min Shan[地]鸣沙山,108
Minteke[地]明铁盖达坂,41
Miraj[地]米拉杰,445
Minusinsk[地]米努辛斯克,xxiii,xxv,24,28,66-67,124,216,549注,556注,558注,艺术4,5,6,14,15,17-19,66,176
Mir 'Ali Shir Newa'i[人]察儿·阿里·失儿·纳瓦依,465
Miran[地]米兰,41,49
Miranshah[人]米兰沙,427,430,433,434,437,456,458
Mir Bayezid[人]迷里拜牙即,410
Mirdasid dynasty[朝]米尔达西朝,152
Mir Husain[人]迷里忽辛,见Husain (活跃于1360年)
Mirkhond[人]米尔空,67,245,464,465
Mirza 'Abdallah[人]米儿咱阿布达拉赫,见'Abdallah ibn-Qazghan
Mirza Iskander[人]米儿咱·伊斯堪答儿,426
Mitan[地]卡巴·马坦,见Kaba-matan
Mithridates II[人]密特里达提二世,31
Mitrovica[地]米特洛维察(锡尔米蒙),见Sirmium
Mizuki[地]麦诸基,289
Mobarek-shah[人]木八剌沙,332,334
Mo-ch'o (Mo-cho; Bak-chor; Qapagan-khagan)[人]默啜,107-108,109,110,116,127-128,565注
Moesia[地]麦西亚,174,177
Mogholistan[地]蒙兀儿斯坦,342-346,419,420,422,424,425,426,438,459,460-461,463,480,482,490-501,506,507
Mogholtai[人]蒙古台,332
Mohi[地]莫希,266
Mo-ho[族]靺鞨578注
Mojak, moje[专]慕阇(称号),见Mu-shö
Mo-ki-lien[人]默棘连,110-111,112,113,565注
Moldavia[地]摩尔达维亚,4,6,181,268
Mologa[地]莫洛加河,265
Mongka[人]蒙哥,264-65,267,272-276,280-284,288,298,300,320,329,330,349-350,352,353,354,357,363,394,395,397,512,596注,598注,606注
Mongka Temür[人]忙哥帖木儿,见Mangu Timur
Mong-ku[族]萌古,197
Mongol language[文]蒙古语,xxv,228,277,544注,579注-580注
Mongol script[文]蒙古文,252,298-299;Uiguro-Mongol,516,521
Mong-wu (Mong-wa)[族]蒙兀,579注
Monkas[地]蔑怯思,见Maghas
Mon-Khmer[族]纯高棉种人,290
Montecorvino, Giovanni da[人]约翰·孟德科维诺,见Giovanni da Montecorvino
Morava[地]摩拉瓦河,76
Moravia[地]摩拉维亚(大摩拉维亚),266,395;Great Moravia,175,178
Mordvian culture, so-called[文]摩尔达维亚文化,11
Mordvinians[族]摩尔多维亚人,472
Morosova[地]摩罗索瓦,549注
Moscow[地]莫斯科,265,404,405,407,436,470,472,473
Mostaert, Father A.[人]老莫斯特尔特,530-531
Mosul[地]摩苏尔,158,263-264,347,349,355,366,391
Mo-yen-cho (Bayan-chor; Ko-lo; Moyun-chor)[人]默延啜(葛勒),120,121,565注,567注
Mozhaisk[地]莫扎伊斯克,407,436
Mstislav (the Bold)[人]勇士密赤思腊,246
Mubariz ad-Din Muhammad[人]穆巴里克·丁·穆罕默德,390-391
Mugan[地]木干草原,245,261,262,263,271,281,347,357,359,456,594注
Muhammad (Prophet)[人](先知)穆罕默德,500
Muhammad (1105-18)[人]穆罕默德,158
Muhammad II (活跃于1403年)[人]穆罕默德二世,452
Muhammad (Ma-hei-ma;活跃于1560年)[人]马黑麻,499
Muhammad (活跃于1603年)[人]麻法默德,500
Muhammad Hajji[人]哈吉·穆罕默德,见Hajji Muhammad
Muhammad (of Ghor)[人]希哈布·阿德丁·摩诃末,见Shihab ad-Din Muhammad
Muhammad (of Khwarizm)[人]摩诃末(阿拉·阿德丁·摩诃末),见'Ala ad-Din Muhammad
Muhammad 'Ali (Madali)[人]穆罕默德·阿里(马达里),488-489
Muhammad Amin[人]穆罕默德·阿明,473
Muhammad Bughra-Khan[人]博格拉汗,穆罕默德,147
Muhammad Girei[人]穆罕默德·格来,473
Muhammad Haidar I[人]穆罕默德·海达尔一世,463,494
Muhammad Haidar II (Haidarmirza)[人]穆罕默德·海达尔二世,497,498,499,627注;《拉失德史》344,416,423,424,425,480,481,482,491-495,497,499,500,504,506,507,508
Muhammad ibn-Tughlugh[人]穆罕默德·本·图格卢,341,443
Muhammad-khan[人]马黑麻汗,425,619注
Muhammad-quli[人]马赫麦德·库耳,见Makhmet-kul
Muhammad Sam[人]穆罕默德·沙姆,386
Muhammad Shaybani[人]穆罕默德·昔班尼,464,465,481,482,483,486,487,497-498,615注
Muhammad Timur[人]穆罕默德·帖木儿,483
Muhammad 'Umar[人]穆罕默德·奥玛尔,488
Muhammad Yusuf[人]马黑麻·亦速甫,500
Mu-han[人]木杆可汗,82
Mu-ho[人]莫何,88
Mu'in ad-Din Suleiman[人]穆因哀丁·苏来曼,370
Mu'izz ad-Din Husain Kert[人]穆兹丁·胡赛因,343,390,426
Mu-jung[族]慕容氏(前燕、后燕国),57,58,61,577注;参见Hou-Yen; Ts'ien-Yen
Mu-jung Ch'uei[人]慕容垂,59
Mu-jung Tsiun[人]慕容鯭,58
Mukachevo[地]穆卡切沃,见Munkacs
Mukden[地]沈阳,516,519
Mukri[族](拜占庭作家记)蔑儿乞人,578注
Muktapida[人]木多笔,118-119
Multan[地]木尔坦,242,340,443,444,446
Mumash[人]谟麻失汗,508
Mu'min,al-[人]阿布德·穆明,见'Abd al-Mu'min
Munda languages[文]穆恩答语,576注
Mundzuk (Mundiukh)[人]蒙杜克,75
Munglik[人]蒙力克,217,218,585注
Munkacs (Mukachevo)[地]穆卡切沃,266
Munte, Guillaume de[人]纪尧姆·蒙特,见Guillaume de Munte
Muqali (Muquli)[人]木华黎,202,203,206,223,232-233,247,588注
Mures[文]穆里斯文化,6
Murgab (place)[地]穆耳加布,386
Murgab (river)[地]穆耳加布河,340,461,465
Murtuk[地]穆尔吐克,52,96,98,124
Mus[地]穆什,391,430,431,459,462
Musa[地]穆萨,149
Muscovy[地]莫斯科维,395,407,436,438,441,452,470,471,473,475,489,522,540
Mu-shö (mojak, moje; as title)[专]慕阇,121
Musta'sim, al-[人]穆斯台耳绥姆,354,355-356
Mu'tamid[人]穆塔米德,142
Mutan[地]忽尔卡河,见Hurka
Mütügen[人]木阿秃干,241,271,329,334
Muzaffarids[朝]穆扎法尔朝,343,390-391,426,431,432,433
Muzaffar-i Kashi[人]穆札菲·喀什,431
Muzart[人]穆扎尔特,xxiii,555注
Mylapore[地]马八儿,313,315,319
Mysia[地]麦西亚,453
Nablus[地]纳布卢斯,362
Nadir-shah[人]纳迪尔沙,486,488
Nagchu[地]那曲,533
Nag-dbang bLo-bzang,见bLo-bzang
Nagy Czeks[地]纳吉·者克斯,267
Naiman[族]乃蛮部,xxiv,xxv,126,190-191,204-208,212-217,233,234,235-236,301
Naissus (Nis)[地]尼什,76
Nakhichevan[地]纳希切万,281,348,378,430,434,458
Nakhsheb (Nasef)[地]那黑沙不,341
Naksh-i Jahan[人]纳黑失只罕,425,619注
Na-li[人]那利,100
Namghin[地]安庆(或开封)(马可记),310
Na-mo[人]那摩,275,276,298
Nam Tso[地]纳木错(腾格里湖),见Tengri Nor
Nanchang (Hungchow)[地]南昌(洪州)122,137
Nancheng[地]南郑(汉中),见Hanchung
Nanchow[朝]云南国,见Yunnan
Nangin[地]南京,310
Nan-kia[专]南家(金人称宋朝),593注
Nangkiyas (Nang-kiyas; nikasa)[人]宁甲速,593注
Nanking (Kienkang; Kienning; Kinling-fu; Quelinfu)[地]南京(建康,金陵府),57,62,64,68,132,137,287,308,316,323,325
Nankow (Kiu-yung-kuan)Pass[地]南关(居庸关),106,507
Nanshan[地]南山,28,35
Nanyang[地]南阳,258
Nan-Yen[朝]南燕,557注
Naples[地]那不勒斯,319,374
Narasihapati[人]那罗梯诃波帝,290
Narasimhagupta[人]纳罗新哈·笈罗,70,71
Narin, David[人]大卫·纳林,见David Narin
Naryn[地]纳林河,423
Nasawi[人]奈撒微(《札兰丁传》的作者),241,589注
Nasef[地]纳黑沙布,见Nakhsheb
Nasir, an-(1180-1225)[人](哈里发)纳昔儿,237-238
Nasir an-(活跃于1320年)[人]纳绥尔(埃及马木路克王朝苏丹),404
Nasir ad-Din[人]纳速剌丁,601注
Nasir ad-Din 'Ubaidallah[人]纳昔儿·丁·乌拜达拉赫,495
Nasir Yusuf, an-[人]纳绥尔·玉素甫,360,361-362,362-363
Nasr ibn-Ahmed[人]纳斯尔·伊本·阿赫默德,141-142
Nasr II ibn-Ahmed[人]纳斯尔二世(伊本·阿赫默德),142
Nauruz[人]捏兀鲁思,352,376-380
Nauruz Ahmed[人]老奴思·阿合木,508
Naya[人]那雅,215,223
Nayan (活跃于1287)[人]乃颜,293
Nayan[人]伯颜,见Bayan (1301-09)
Nazar[人]那札儿(吉尔吉斯汗),499
Negda[族]涅格达人,515
Nehavend[地]尼哈温,116,432
Nejm Sani[人]纳吉姆·沙尼,484
Nemesvolgy[地]内麦斯沃尔吉,176
Neolithic period[专]新石器时期,3
Nepryadva[地]涅普里亚德瓦河,406
Nesef[地]内塞弗,457
Nessa[地]奈撒,241,243
Nestorian art[文]聂思托里安教艺术,26,124
Nestorianism[宗]聂思托里安教(景教),125,142,189,190,191,197,220,237,263,270,271,277,280,300-304,306,315,327,341,342,368,369,383,396,397,597注;教士,300,602注;也里可温,300,602注
Neustadt[地]诺伊施塔特,267
Nevsky, Alexander[人]亚历山大·涅维斯基,见Alexander Nevsky
Ngan-tö[人]安得,42,44
Nghean[地]义安,290
Nicaea (Iznik)[地]尼西亚(伊兹尼克),153,350,385,451
Nicephorus I[人]黎塞弗留斯一世,177
Nicholas IV, Pope[人](教皇)尼古拉四世,313,336,373,375,376
Nicholas, Friar[人](修士)尼古拉,319
Nicolo di Pagana[人]尼可洛·迪帕加纳,404
Nicomedia[地]尼科美底亚(伊兹米特),见Izmit
Nicopolis[地]尼科堡,449,452
Nicosia[地]尼科西亚,349
Nien-mo-ho[人]粘没喝,136,137
Nikolayev[地]尼科拉耶夫,4,5
Nikolayevka[地]尼古拉耶夫卡,73
Nikov P.[人]李柯夫,402
Nikpai Oghul[人]捏古伯,334,607注
Nilqa[人]亦剌合(桑昆),见Sängün
Nine Oghuz[族]九姓乌古思,见Toquz Oghuz
Nine Tatar[族]九姓鞑靼,见Toquz Tatar
Ningan[地]宁干(宁古塔),见Ninguta
Ningkiang[地]宁江州,136,137
Ningkwo[地]宁国,287
Ningpo (Mingchow)[地]宁波(明州),137
Ningsia (Chunghing; Egrigaia)[地]宁夏(中兴府),108,126,132,226,247-248,299,302,303,306,504,510,511
Ninguta (Ningan)[地]宁古塔(宁干),515,516
Ningwu[地]宁武,133
Ningyüan,[地]宁远,567注
Nin-kia-su[人]宁甲速,257,258,593注
Nirun[族]尼鲁温部,193,194
Nis[地]尼什,见Naissus
Nishapur[地]尼沙普尔,146,149,150,160,240,241,305,334,369,380,390,427,485
Nisibin (Nusaybin)[地]尼西比斯(努赛宾),262,361,368
Niya (Niyang)[地]尼雅,41,49
Nizam al-Mulk[人]尼查姆·乌尔·莫尔克,152,153,154
Nizhni Novgorod (Gorki)[地]下诺夫哥罗德(今高尔基),5,470
Noeldeke, T.[人]诺尔德克,67
Nogai (Mangit; tribe)[族]诺盖部,470,486-487,490,521,522
Nogai (Noghai; person)[人]诺盖,366,369,398-403,405
Nogai (region)[地]诺盖地区,472,473,475
Noin Ula[地]诺恩乌拉,12,18,25,26,39
Nöku (nökud; warriors; free men)[专]那可儿(武士,自由人),195,222
“Nomad Horsemen”[专]游牧骑士风格,66-67,176
Nomokhan (Nomoqan)[人]那木罕,292,401
Nomtarni[人]那蒙塔尼,629注
Nonni[地]嫩江,39,208,505,509,529
North Vietnam[朝]安南,北越,见Annam
Novgorod[地]诺夫哥罗德,265
Novo Alexandrovka[地]新亚历山德罗夫卡,546注
Novocherkask[地]新切尔卡斯克,16
Novogrigorievsk[地]诺沃格里格鲁夫斯克,5
Nowairi[人]诺瓦里,401,403
Noyan (as title)[专]那颜(称号),194,222,586注
Noyandara[人]那颜达拉,511,629注
Nuh II ibn-Mansur[人]努赫二世,曼苏尔,143,144
Nuh I ibn-Nasr[人]努赫一世(纳昔),143
Nur 'Ali[人]奴儿·阿里汗,522
Nur Daulet[人]努儿道剌特,471
Nurhachi (Nurkhatsi; Nu-ul-ha-ch'e)[人]努尔哈赤,516-517
Nusaybin[地]努赛宾(尼西比斯,见Nisibin)
Nu-shih-pi[族]努失毕部,95,102,103,109
Nutuq (grazing lands)[专]努士克(牧场),195,221-222
Nu-ul-ha-ch'e[人]努尔哈赤,见Nurhachi
Ob[地]鄂毕河,148,185,490,525
Oboq (clan)[专]斡孛黑(氏族),193
Ochigin (otchigin; as title)[专]斡赤斤(称号),255
Oder (Odra)[地]奥德河,266
Odessa[地]敖德沙,13
Odoli[地]鄂多理,516
Odorico da Pordenone[人]鄂多立克,216,306,312-320各处
Odra[地]奥德河,见Oder
Oelun-eke[人]月伦额格,199,217,218,256,585注
Ogädäi, Ögedei[人]窝阔台,见Ogödäi
Oghlaqan[人]鄂克拉罕,629注
Oghul[人]沙·斡兀立,见Shah-Oghul
Oghul Qaimish[人]斡兀立·海迷失,272-274,330,349,596注
Oghuz (Ghuzz; Torks; Ouzoi; Uzes)[族]乌古思(古兹,乌泽人,奥佐伊人),xxix,148,149,151-155各处,157,160,164,167,181,182,185-186,237,240,393,565注-566注;九姓乌古思,106,110,126,145,565注,566注
Oghuz-name[书]《乌古思名》,544注,565注-566注
Oglakty[地]俄格拉克提村,16,19,549注
Ogödäi (Ogädäi; Ögedei)[人]窝阔台,210,229,232,238,239,251,254-259,261,262,263,264,267,268,273,282,300,328,330,347,351,352,353,516,592注,593注
Ogödäi, house of[族]窝阔台家族,273,274,280,286,291,292,294,295,296,329,330,338,394,401,403
Ogor[族]乌戈尔种,171
D'Ohsson[人]多桑,210,215,272,330,338
Oirat (Confederates; Four Confederates or Dörben Oirat Oirad; Oyirad)[族]卫拉特,斡亦剌惕,192,195,207,213,215,479,491,492,493,499,503-510各处,512,513,520-521,522,525,539;参见Choros; Dörböt; Dzungar; Kalmucks; Khoshot; Torghut
Oirotin[地]奥罗丁,18
Oiskaya[地]奥伊什卡亚,558注
Oka[地]奥卡河,11,470,472,473
Ökächi[人]鬼力赤,见Ugechi
Okhotsk, Sea of[地]鄂霍次克海,515
Okin-barqaq[人]斡勒巴儿合黑,198,202,228
Oktar[人]鄂克塔,75
Olbia[地]奥尔比亚城,73
Olcha[族]奥尔恰人,515
Oljäi Temür (Punyasri; Pen-ya-shöli)[人]本雅失里,504,505,629注
Oljaitu (Nicholas)[人]完者都,315,340,368,372,383-386,396
Olkhui[地]奥尔克浑河,583注
Olomouc (Olmütz)[地]奥洛摩茨,266
Olöt[族]绰罗斯部,见Choros
Olugh-beg[人]兀鲁伯,243,417,457,459,460,461,492
Omar Khayyam[人]奥玛尔·卡雅姆,161
Omurtag[人]奥慕尔塔克,177
Onegesis[人]奥尼吉斯,78
Ongirat[族]弘吉剌惕部,见Qongirat
Ongkin[地]翁金河,34,35,36,191,286,512,536
Öngüt[族]汪古部,xxv,26,213,220,227,228,250,300-302,306,318,400,571注
Onoghundur (Onogur)[族]乌基杜尔人(乌基尔人),176,177-178
Onon[地]鄂嫩河(斡难河),193,194,199,200,201,206,216,219,248,255,273,282,504,539
Oppeln[地]奥珀伦,399
Oqaylids[朝]鄂克里德朝,154
Oradea[地]奥拉迪亚,266
Orda[人]斡儿答,264,393,394,397,406,615注
Ordos (people)[族]鄂尔多斯人,509-514各处,517,530-531,629注
Ordos (region)[地]鄂尔多斯(鄂尔多斯艺术),xxii,19,20,27,35,55,88,89,93,126,132,133,189,226,247,510;艺术,13,17,18,19,24-26,50,176
Ordu (tented palace)[专]斡耳朵(帐廷),255
Ordubaligh (ordu-baligh)[地]斡耳朵八里(哈拉和林),256,599注;参见Karabalgasun; Karakorum
Orenburg (Chkalov)[地]奥伦堡,15,394,439,478
Orestes[人]奥里斯特斯,78
Orghana[人]兀鲁忽乃,275,286,329,330,331-332
Orkhan[人]奥尔汗,385
Orkhon[地]鄂尔浑,xxii,xxiii,20,34,35,38,46,55,61,80,82,83,87,103,106,111,114,125,128,190,196,197,252,256,269,292,312,417,419,504,512,529,539
Orléans[地]奥尔良,76
Ormazd (Ahura-Mazda)[宗]阿马兹达神(阿胡拉·马兹达神),84,219
Ormuz[地]霍尔木兹(忽里模子),见Hormuz
Oro bögilä[人]阿罗·波吉乃,198
Oroch[族]奥罗奇人,515
Orochon[族]奥罗楚恩人,515
Orgötü[地]奥古土,565注,567注
Orsk[地]奥尔斯克,439
Orta-jüz[族](中帐),见Middle Horde
Osman[人]奥斯曼一世,见'Uthman I
Ossetians[族]奥塞梯人,74,442
Ostrogoths[族]东哥特人,73,75,78
Ostyak[地]奥斯佳克,489
Ostyak language[文]奥斯特雅克语,576注
Otar[地]奥塔尔,423
Otchigin[专]斡赤斤,见Ochigin
Otemish[人]奥特米什,475
Otrar[地]讹答剌,235,238,239,270,305,312,332,393,397,400,406,435,436,438,443,453,456
Otto I (of Germania)[人]奥托一世(日耳曼王),179
Ottomans[族]奥斯曼人,xxviii,xxix,157,160,164,179,240-241,385,389,391,396,420,446,448-453,471,472,475,477,485
Ötükän[地]於都斤山,106,112,561注,564注,565注;参见Khangai
Otuz Tatar (Thirty Tatar)[族]三十姓鞑靼,106,192,565注
Ouarkhonitai[族]瓦尔和昆尼(假阿瓦尔人),见Uarkhonites
Oudh[朝]乌德,444
Ouzoi[族]奥佐伊人(乌古思),见Oghuz
Oxus[地]阿克苏斯河(阿姆河),见Amu Darya
Oyidarma[人]斡亦答马,629注
Oyirad[族]斡亦剌惕部,见Oirat
Özbeg (1210-25)[人]月即别,245,260
Özbeg (1312-40)[人]月即别,319,400,404
Özbegs[族]乌兹别克人,见Uzbeks
Ozmish[人]乌苏米施汗,113
Pachow[地]霸州,133
Pachymeres, Georgius[人]帕切米尔,399,402
Padsha-khatun[人]帕夏可敦,366
Padua[地]帕多瓦,319
Pagan[朝]蒲甘,291,308
Pagana, Nicolo di[人]尼可洛·帕格拉,见Nicolo di Pagana
Pahipuszta[地]帕希普兹塔,176
Paighu[人]拜格护,149
Paiteng[地]白登山,27
Paiza (golden tablet)[专]金匾,369
Paleolithic period[专]旧石器时代,3
Palestine[朝]巴勒斯坦,363,364
Pamirs (Pamier)[地]帕米尔,xxii,41,96,101,118,119,169,236,306,422
Pan Ch'ao[人]班超,31,42-47,542
Panipat[地]巴尼伯德,445
P'an Mei[人]潘美,131
Pannonia[地]班诺尼亚,72,76,78,173,174,175
Panshan[地](甘肃的)半山,4
Pan-ti[人]班第,538,541
Panticapaeum (Bosporus; Kerch)[地]潘蒂卡派(博斯普鲁斯,刻赤),52,85,173,554注
Pan Yung[人]班勇,47
Paoan (Chihtan)[地]保安,61,229,232
Paochow[地]保州(保定),见Paoting
Pao-lu-ssu (Paul; name)[人]保鲁斯,301
Paoning[地]宝宁,258,284
Paoting (Paochow)[地]保定,108,132,133,230,511
Pape[地]清迈,见Chiangmai
Paphlagonia[地]帕夫拉戈尼亚,452
Paquette[人]帕库特,280
Parak[地]帕拉克河(奇尔奇克河),见Chirchik
Paris[地]巴黎,374-375
Parthians[族]帕提亚人,31,32,47,49
Pascal (the Spaniard)[地]巴斯喀尔,342
Pasianoi[族]帕夏洛伊人,30
Patzanakitai[族]佩切涅格人,见Pet-chenegs
Paul (of Cilicia)[人](西里西亚人)保罗,84
Pavia[地]帕维亚,76,178
Pa-ya-tsi[人]拜牙即,499
Pazyryk[地]帕兹雷克,xxiii,xxv,18,19,544注,549注
Pegolotti[人]佩戈洛蒂,Pratica della mercatura,311
Pegu[朝]白古国,290
Pehlewan[人]帕列文,158
P'ei[族]裴氏,115
Pei-Ch'i[朝]北齐,66,82
Pei-Chou[朝]北周,66,83
Pei-Han (Ts'ien-Chao; dynasty)[朝]北汉(前赵),56
Pei-Han (kingdom)[朝]北汉王国,130,131
Pei-Jung[族]北戎,19-20
P'ei Kiu[人]裴矩,89
Pei-Liang (Tsu-k'iu)[朝]北凉(沮渠),61-62,64
Pei-Shih[书]《北史》,70
Peiting[地]北庭(别失八里)见Beshbaligh
Pei-Yen[朝]北燕,61,557注;参见Jehol
Pekh (mayor of the palace)[专]帕克(宫廷侍长),577注
Peking (Cambaluc; Chi; Chung-tu; Jungdu; Khanbaligh; Tatu; Yen; Yenching; Yenchow; Yüchow)[地]北京(汗八里,中都,大都),xxvii,xxix,xxx,34,58,127,129,130,131,133,134,136,138,139,146,148,164,165,189,196,224,227,229,230,232,253,257,288,295,302,303,305,307,308,312,313,316-317,318,319,324,325,340,479,502,507,510,511,514,516,518,530,538,539,587注,588注,599注
Pelliot, Paul[人]伯希和,xxv,24,53,80-81,96,97,107,173,193,197-198,221,257,271,272,298,301,303,304,305,307,318,347,348,349
Pem[地]克里亚,见Keriya
Pengcheng (Sinhsien)[地]彭城,64
Pen-ya-shö-li[人]本雅失里,见Oljäi Temür
Pepin[人]丕平,175
Peregrino[人]帕莱格尼努,314
Perm[地]帕姆森林,15,548注
Perovsk (Kzl-Orda)[地]波罗威斯克(今克孜勒奥尔达),149,238
Peroz[人]卑路支,68
Persepolis[地]帕赛波里斯,7
Persian art[文]波斯艺术,122,124,311,367,457,467
Persian language[文]波斯语,157,243,604注
Pervane (chancellor)[专]丞相,370
Perwan[地]八鲁湾,241,242,590注
Peschanaia[地]雅米谢威斯克,见Yamishevsk
Peshawar[地]白沙瓦,69
Pest[地]佩斯,266,267
Peta[人]拜塔,见Baidar
Petchenegs (Bachanak; Patzanakitai)[族]佩彻涅格人,xxiv,xxviii,178,181,182,184-185,186
Peter, Brother[人]彼得,342
Peter (of Crempa)[人]彼得(克雷蒙巴的),399
Peter (of Florence)[人]彼得(佛罗伦萨的),314
Peter (Metropolitan of Moscow)[人]彼得(莫斯科主教),617注
Peter the Great[人]彼得一世,475,522;珍宝,13,16,548注
Pétis de la Croix[人]佩替·德·拉·克鲁阿,439
Petreny[地]彼特里尼,4
Petronas[人]帕特罗纳斯,180
Petrovsk[地]彼得罗夫斯克,577注
Petrus da Lucalongo[人]彼得鲁斯,313,314
Phags-pa[人]八思巴,298-299,513
Phanagoria[地]法纳戈里亚,180
Philippopolis (Plovdiv)[地]菲利普波利斯,76
Philip the Fair[人]金发菲利普,374,375-376,384
Phocaea[地]福西亚,452
Phraates II[人]弗拉亚特斯二世,31
Phrygia[地]弗里吉亚,8,155,157,385,452,453
Pi[人]比,39
Pianfu[地]平阳府(平阳)见Pingyang
Pianobor[专]皮亚诺波尔文化,73
Piano Carpini[人]普兰·迦儿宾,7,216,221,224-225,257,270,271,272,348,395,396
Piatigorsk[地]皮亚蒂戈尔斯克,5
P'ien[地]汴(开封),见Kaifeng
Pinchow[地]豳州,90
Pingcheng (Tai)[地]平城(代郡),27,57,60,63,65
Pingchüan[地]平川,128
Pingliang[地]平凉,248,257
Pinglu[地]平卢,128
Pingtinghsiang[地]平定乡(善阐),见Shanshan
Pingyang (Pianfu)[地]平阳,56,57,229,232,257,307
Pir Budaq[人]皮儿·布达克,461
Pir Muhammad ibn-Jahangir[人]皮儿·马黑麻·伊本·只罕杰儿,456,457
Pir Muhammad ibn- 'Umar-shaikh[人]皮儿·马黑麻,444,456,457
Pisannaya gora[地]卡拉苏河,见Kara-yus
Pishpek[地](谢米列契耶)皮什比克,见Semirechye
Plovdiv[地]菲利普波利斯(普罗夫迪夫),见Philippopolis
Podgortsa[地]波德戈尔扎,6
Podio, Francesco da[人]弗朗希斯科,见Francesco da Podio
Pohai[朝]渤海国,128,515
Pohuan[地]拨换城(阿克苏),见Aksu (town and province)
Pokrovsk (Engels)[地]波克罗夫斯克,5
P'o-juan[人]婆闰,102
Poland[地]波兰,孛烈儿,266,395,399
“Po-lo”[族]薄罗人,69
Polo,Maffeo[人]马弗·孛罗,304-309,313
Polo, Marco[人]马可,波罗,216,252,290,293,296,297,298,302,305-313,320,371
Polo, Niccolo[人]尼古拉·孛罗,304-309,313
P'o-lo-men[人]婆罗门,81
Polovtsy[族]波洛伏齐人(钦察人),见Kipchaks
Poltava[地]波尔塔瓦,407,436
Polybius[人]波里比阿(史家),15
Pompeius Trogus[人]彭沛乌斯·托古斯30,31
Pontis[地]彭蒂斯,8,9,18,182,449
Pordenone, Odorico da[人]鄂多立克,见Odorico da Pordenone
Port Arthur[地]旅顺港,128
Po Shuen[人]帛纯,50,59
Postal service[专]帝国邮政,318
Potemkin[人]波特金,477
Poyang, Lake[地]鄱阳湖,137,323,324
Po-yao-ho[人]波姚河,227,301
Po-yen[人]伯颜(将领),见Bayan (活跃于1276年)
Pozdneev[人]波兹尼夫,526
Prabhakara[人]波罗羯罗,72
Prabhakaramitra[人]波罗颇迦罗密多罗,94
Prato, Guillaume da[人]纪尧姆·波拉特,见Guillaume da Prato
“Prester John”[专]约翰长老,191,306,318
Priscus[人]普里斯卡斯,78
Priscus (活跃于600年)[人]普利斯卡斯(拜占庭将军),174
Prokhorovka[地]普罗霍罗夫卡,15
Protoshilovo[地]普罗托什洛沃,558注
Provence[地]普罗旺斯,178
Prut[地]普鲁特河,392
Pseudoavars[族]假阿瓦尔人,171,172
Ptolemy[人]托勒密,xxiii,28,40,41,306
Puchow[地]浦州(河中),见Hochung
P'u Hung[人]苻洪,58
Pulad (活跃于1718年)[人]布拉特,见Bulat
Pulad (Bolod; 活跃于1407-12年)[人]不剌汗,470
Pulad (Bolod; place)[地]普拉德,331
Puladshi[人]播鲁只,见Bulaji
Pul-i Sengi (Stone Bridge)[地]普勒伊森格,411
Pulu, Great[朝]大勃律,见Baitistan
Pulu, Little[朝]小勃律,见Gilgit
Punjab[人]旁遮普,32,49,69,71-72,80,146,167,168,315,339,443,444,445,446
Puntsuk-Monchak[人]明楚克汗,521-522,525
Punyasri[人]本雅失里,见Oljäi Temür
Puragupta[人]普罗·笈多,70
Pu-su-wan[人]耶律诗(普速完),见Ye-lü Shih
Puszta[专]“无树平原”,267
Pusztatoti[地]普兹塔托蒂,176
Puyanghsien[地]濮阳县(澶州),见Shenchow
Qaan[专]合罕,罕,见Khagan
Qabul (Qabul-khan; Qabul-khagan)[人]合不勒汗,138,197,202
Qachi'un[人]哈赤温,199,218,255
Qada'an[人]哈丹,264,266,267,274,293,294,593注,599注
Qadagin[族]哈答斤部,见Qatakin
Qadaq[人]合答黑,270,274
Qadirkhan[地]兴安岭,见Khingan
Qadir-khan (person)[人]哈亦儿汗(亦剌乞克),见Inalchiq
Qadir-khan Jibra'il[人]喀迪尔汗·贾布拉伊尔,159
Qadir-khan Yusuf[人]喀迪尔汗·玉素甫,146,147
Qadisiya[地]卡迪西亚,116
Qaidu[人]海都,63,194,197,200,264,266,274,286,291-296,303-304,305,308,321,332-336,338,376,401,403,512,606注-607注
Qa'im, al-[人]阿尔·哈伊木,151
Qaisar (as title)[专]凯撒,450
Qal'a-i-Sefid[地]喀拉伊舍弗德,432
Qalaqaljit-elet (“Qalaqaldjit-elet”)[地]合兰真沙陀,210,211
Qalawun[人]嘉拉温苏丹,371
Qam (shaman)[专]昆木(萨满),195
Qamar ad-Din[人]哈马儿丁,344,422,423,424,425
Qân[专]罕,合罕,见Khagan
Qan-baliq[地]汗八里,见Khanbaligh
Qanqli[族]康里,237,247
Qapagan-khagan[人]默啜(突厥碑文上记),见Mo-ch'o
Qara-buqa[人]哈拉不花,599注
Qarachu (commoners)[专]哈拉抽(平民),195,222,531
Qara-Hulägu[人]哈剌旭烈兀,271,274,329
Qarai[人]克烈,479-480
Qarakuchum[人]哈拉库楚姆,470
Qara-Muhammad Turmush[人]哈拉·马合木·吐穆斯,431
Qara-Qoyunlu (Black Sheep)[朝]喀喇-科雍鲁(黑羊王朝),160,391,430-431,433,434,435,449,458,459,461-462
Qarataghlik[朝]黑山派,501,527-528,541
Qaratal[地]卡拉套山,见Kara-Tal
Qara'un Qabchal[地]喀拉昆·巴查尔,578注
Qara'utai tergen (wheeled wagons)[专]哈剌兀台·帖儿坚(轮车),196
Qara-Yusuf[人]哈拉·玉素甫,391,433,434,435,449,458,459
Qariya (administrative division)[专](行政机构)营,530
Qarluq[族]葛逻禄人,95,109,110,113,114,119-120,145,165,233,234,238,565注
Qarshi[地]卡尔施城,见Karshi
Qasaq-tergen (wheeled wagons)[专]合撒黑·帖儿坚,196
Qasar[人]哈撒儿,199,200,206,214,217-218,229-230,255,256,580注,586注
Qasim (of Astrakhan; 死于1469年)[人]卡西姆,472
Qasim (of Kazan; 活跃于1466年)[人]卡西姆(金帐汗库楚克·马哈麻之子),472
Qasim (约1509-18)[人]哈斯木,480,508,626注
Qatakin (Qadagin; Qatagin)[族]哈答斤部,194,206,207,208,213
Qatwan[地]卡特文,160,165,333
Qawurd[人]喀乌德,152,153
Qayaligh (Cailac)[地]海押立,234,238,272,277
Qazaqs[族]哈萨克人,见Kirghiz-Kazakhs
Qazghan[人]迦慈罕,342-343,409,426,427
Qilich Arslan IV[人]乞立赤·阿尔斯兰四世,269,272,350,354,359
Qilich Tamgatch-khan Mas'ud[人]乞尼克·桃花石汗·马苏德,574注
Qiniqs[族]乞尼黑部,148
Qirq-yer[地]奇尔克耶城(巴赫切萨拉伊),见Bakhchisarai,471
Qobaq[地]霍博,273,349
Qöl (center of army)[专]中军,中翼军,223
Qongirat (Ongirat; Qongarat; Qongrad)[族]弘吉剌惕部,194,200,206,207,210
Qongrad[族]弘吉剌惕部,见Qongirat
Qorchi[人]火儿赤,202
Qorchin (tribe)[族]科尔沁部,见Khorchin
Qorchin (bodyguard of quiver bearers)[专]豁儿赤(箭筒士),582注
Qorla (Qorola)[族]火鲁剌思,194,207
Qorqonaq Jubur[地]合儿郭纳黑·朱布儿,201,202
Qorisü-bäki[人]火力速八赤,212,214
Qoshun, qosighun (banners; administrative divisions)[族]库西昆(旗),530
Qoun[族]看钦察人,见Kipchaks
Qubilai, Qubilay, Qublay[人]忽必烈,见Kublai
Qucha[人]忽察,273,274
Quchar[人]火察儿,203,208,212
Qudatqu bilig (Yusuf Khass Hajjib)[人](霍吉勃)玉素甫·喀什(《福乐智慧》的作者),148
Qudu'udar[人]忽都塔儿,582注
Quegianfu[地]京兆府(长安),见Changan
Quelinfu[地]金陵府(南京),见Nanking
Quian[地](马可记)长江,见Yangtze
Quilon (Coilum; Kollam)[地]奎隆,309,311,312,319
Quinsai[地](马可记)杭州,见Hangchow
Qulan[人]忽阑,215
Qulan-Bashi[地]忽兰巴什,244
Qulbar[人]忽儿巴儿,582注
Qum[地]库木,245,590注
Qumani[族]库蛮(钦察人),见Kipchaks
Qumiz[专]忽迷思,见Kumiss
Qungrad[族]昆吉剌部,421
Qurban Telesut[人]库尔班·特勒苏特,578注
Quriltat (assembly)[专]库里勒台(部落大会),213,216,217,221,256,259,269-270,273,274,282,284,285,328,333,338,353,358,584注-585注
Quriqan[人]骨利干,106,564注,578注
Qurjaquz (Cyriacus)[人]忽儿察忽思,192
Qutadmish[人]忽塔德迷失,302
Qutaiba[人]库泰拔,116-117
Qutb ad-Din[人]忽特哀丁,353
Qutb ad-Din Habash 'Amid[人]哈巴什·阿密德,328,329
Qutlugh (Elterish)[人]骨咄禄,103,106,107
Qutlugh Bilgä (Ku-li P'ei-lo; Ku-to-lu Pei-kia k'iu; Huai-jen)[人]骨咄禄毗伽阙可汗,113-114
Qutlugh-buqa[人]忽特鲁格不花,406
Qutlugh-khan (dynasty)[朝]忽特鲁汗朝,260
Qutlugh-khoja[人]忽都鲁·火者,339,382
Qutlugh-shah (dynasty)[朝]忽特鲁沙王朝,353,366
Qutlugh-shah (person)[人]忽特鲁沙,382
Qutlumish[人]库吐尔米希,见Qutulmish
Qutui-khatun[人]忽推可敦,371,372
Qutula[人]忽图剌,198,201,202,208
Qutulmish (Qutlumish)[人]库吐尔米希,150,152
Qutuqa-bäki[人]忽都花别吉,213
Qutuqtu (as title)[专]呼图克图(崇敬的,神圣的),297-298
Qutuz[人]忽都思,364,365
Quyildar (Quyildar-sechen)[人]忽亦勒答儿,210
Quyash[地]虎牙思,326
Qyzyl Arslan[人]凯佐尔·阿尔斯兰,155,158
Qyzyl-bash, Lake (Ulyungur Nor)[地]克孜尔巴什湖,205
Qyzyl-qaya[地]克孜勒卡亚,见Kizilkaya
Raab[地]拉布河,175
Rabban-ärkägün (Christian priests and monks)[人]列班—也里可温僧,300
Rabban-ata (Simeon; Li-pien-a-ta)[人]列班·阿塔,263,270,347-348,594注
Rabban Sauma[人]列班·扫马,301,302-303,313,336,368,369,372,374-375,377,612注
Raden Vijaya[人]拉登·韦查耶(土罕必阇耶),291
Radkan[地]拉德坎,390
Rahiba[地]拉希巴,385
Rai (Rhagae)[地]剌夷,雷伊,40,142,143,150,151,155,167,240,245,261,312,453,457,461,462,590注
“Rajputs”[族]拉其普特部,72
Rajyavarhana[人]罗伽伐弹那,72
Rashid ad-Din (Fadl Allah Rashid ad-Din Tabib)[人]拉施特哀丁(《史集》的作者),381,384,387;Jami-ut-Tavarikh,193,198,205,215,219,231,248,250,264,266,271,321,333,354,355,357,364-365,365-366,378,381-382,383,393,397,403,404,478,589注
Ratibor[地]拉蒂博尔,266
Rawak[地]剌窝,48
Ray Dul Chand[人]拉伊·杜尔·查德,444
Reindeer[专]驯鹿,18
Rémusat, A.[人]雷慕沙,251
Rhagae[地]剌夷,雷伊,见Rai
Rheims[地]兰斯,178
Rhine[地]莱茵河,76,78
Rhodes[地]罗德斯岛,477
Richard of Burgundy[人](勃艮地的)李嘉德,342
Rinchenpal[人]懿璘质班,321
Rogerii carmen miserabile[书]《可怜的诺基里·卡曼》,267
Roman (of Ryazan)[人]罗曼,265
Roman Empire[朝]罗马帝国,47,55,56,57,60,74-76,78-79
Roman Empire, Eastern[朝]东罗马帝国(拜占庭帝国),见Byzantine Empire
Romanus Diogenes[人]狄根尼斯·罗曼努斯,152,184
Romanus Lecapenus[人]罗曼努斯·尼卡彭努斯,181
Rome[地]罗马,57,305,374,375
Ross, Denison[人]罗斯·丹尼斯,423
Rostovtzeff[人]罗斯托夫兹夫,15,16
Roxolani[族]罗克索兰人,72
Ruas (Rugas; Rugila)[人]卢噶斯,75
Rubruck, William of[人]卢布鲁克,7,94,190,197,216,226,274,276-277,280-281,315,392-397,400,512,579注,585注,596注,597注
Ruffo, Marco[人]马可·拉菲,470
Rugas, Rugila[人]卢噶斯,见Ruas
Rui[人]沙哈鲁,51
Rukh, Shah[人]沙哈鲁,243,417,432-433,456-460,492
Rukh, Shah (活跃于1710年)[人]沙·鲁克,488
Rukn ad-Din Khoja[人](起儿漫的)鲁肯哀丁火者,353
Rukn ad-Din Kurshah[人]鲁肯丁库沙,354
Rukn ad-Din Mahmud[人]鲁肯·阿德丁-马赫默德,159,165,574注
Rumania[地]罗马尼亚,395,446
Rus[朝]罗斯,265
Russia[朝]罗斯,俄罗斯,181,182,224,247,260-261,265,270,271,395,396,404,405-406,407,419,420,433-434,436,469-473,475,477,486-490,522,532,538,540
Rustam (person)[人]罗思檀,456,457,458
Rustam (place)[地]拉斯塔姆,428
Rum[地]罗姆,153,450,614注
Rusudan[人]鲁速丹,260,263,350
Ryazan[朝]里亚赞,265,395,470
Sa'adi[人]撒迪,161
Sabaria[地]沙巴里亚,175
Sabir (Sabiri)[族]沙比尔人,172
Sabran[地]扫兰,406,435,438
Sächä-bäki[人]撒察别乞,202,203,204
Saciu[地]沙州(敦煌,马可所记),见Tunhwang
Sa'd[人]赛德,359
Sa'd ad-Daula[人]撒菲·倒剌,372-373,377
Sa'd ibn-Zengi[人]撒德·伊本·赞吉,260
Sadovets[人]沙多威兹,575注
Sadr-jihan (minister)[专]沙狄尔·吉汗(大臣),377
Safa Girei[人]沙法·格来,475
Safarids[朝]萨法尔王朝,142
Safavids[朝]萨菲王朝,462,482,483,484
Sagamoni Burcan[宗](佛陀)释迦穆尼,见Buddha
Sahib Girei[人]沙希布·格来,473
Sa'id (Sa'id-khan)[人]赛德汗,497,498,499,500
Saif ad-Din[人]赛福丁,330
Sahib-divan (as title)[专]沙黑勃迪万(理财大臣),351
Sain-khan (as title)[专]赛恩汗(意为好汗),254,395
Sain-khan (person)[人]撒因汗,赛因汗,见Batu
Sain Noyan[地]赛音诺颜,53,107,191,512
Saint-Denis, abbey of[地]圣丹尼勒(教堂),374
St. Michael of Tarel (nr. Nisibin)[地]圣米切勒修道院,368
St. Thomé[地]圣托马斯,315
Sairam (Isfijab)[地]赛拉木(伊斯法吉勃),235,423,460,463,482,492,495,496,532
Sairam Nor[地]赛里木湖,331
Sajo[地]撒岳河(《元史》作漷宁河),226,266
Saka (Sakai; Shaka; Sse)[族]萨迦,塞人(萨迦伊),xxiii,7,8,16,28-32,36,40,100,545注-546注;参见Scythians
Saka language[文]塞语,萨迦语,xxiii,29
Sakaraulai (Saka Rawaka; Saraucae)[族]萨迦劳赖人,30,31
Sakastana[地]萨迦斯坦纳,31
Sakmara (Semmur)[地]萨克马拉河,439
Saladin[人]萨拉丁,360,362
Salbak-Turkan[人]萨尔贝克突干,236
Salendi[人]萨伦迪,330
Salghurids[朝]萨尔古尔王朝,169,260,353,354,366
Sali-Sarai[地]萨里·萨莱,342,412,413
Salji'ut (Saljigut)[族]散只兀惕部,194,206,207,208,213
Saljük[人]塞尔柱克,见Seljuk (ruler)
Salmony, Alfred[人]阿尔弗雷德·沙尔莫尼,26
Salonika[地]萨洛尼卡,449
Salt Range[地]盐山,71,444
Samagir[族]萨马吉尔人,515
Saman[族]萨曼家庭,141
Samandar[地]萨曼塔尔,181,577注
Samanids[朝]萨曼王朝,141-144,149
Samara (Kuibyshev)[地]萨马拉(古比雪夫),5,440
Samaria[地]萨马里亚,362
Samarkand (Kanda; Markanda)[地]撒马尔罕,撒麻耳干(坎塔,马尔干达),xxv,xxix,30,96,116,117,118,120,141,142,146,147,153,159,160,165,168,169-170,234,237,239,243,244,253,254,255,312,326,327,328,331,332,333,335,338,340,344,345,353,369,411,412,413,421,423,425-429,432,433,435,439,445,448,453,457,459,460,461,463,464,465,481,483,484,485,492,494,496,498
Samnan[地]西模娘,240,428,461
Samuqa ba'atur[人]三木合巴儿秃,232,588注
Samur[地]萨穆尔山,441
Sanang Sechen[人]萨囊彻辰,297-298,503,504,505,506,511,515,630注
Sanatroikes[人]沙拉特洛伊克斯(辛剌特拉克斯),见Sinatrukes
Sandilkh[人]桑第克,79
Sandomierz[地]桑多梅日城,266,399
Sanga (Sang-ko)[人]桑哥,297,601注
Sangari Isaac[人]伊沙克·圣格里,180-181
Sängim[地]圣吉木,96,98
Sang-ko[人]桑哥,见Sanga
Sangs-rgyas rgya-msho[人]桑结嘉措,524,532
Sängün (Ilqa; Nilqa)[人]桑昆(亦剌合,圣公),205,206,209,210,211,212,582注
Saniz-mirza[人]米儿咱·桑尼司,494
Sanjar[人]桑伽,xxix,159-160,161,165,166,237,240,241,418,573注-574注
Sanskrit[文]梵文,49,59,96,97,101,124
Sapurgan[人]沙拉特洛伊克斯(辛剌特拉克斯),见Sheburgan
Saqsin[地]沙利格·欣(沙克新)伊提尔城,见Itil
Saracens[族]萨拉逊人,374
Saraga[地](托勒密记)洛阳,41
Sarai[地]萨莱,281,304,312,393,400,402,403,407,420,436,437,441,442,470,471
Sarakhs[地]萨拉赫斯,167,427
Saratov[地]萨拉托夫,5,10,522
Saraucae[族]萨迦劳赖伊,见Sakaraulai
Sarban[人]撒里蛮,292
Sarbedarians[族]赛尔巴朵尔人,343,390,426,427,428
Särbi[族]鲜卑族名来源,557注
Särgis[人]萨吉斯,349
Särgis (Sergius), St.[人]吉·薜儿吉斯,191
Särgis, Mar[人]马薜里吉斯,见Mar Särgis
Sari[地]萨里,429,432
Sarigh-shin[地]沙利格·欣城(伊提尔城)见Itil
Sarikol[地]萨里豁勒河,236
Sari-Uigur[族]萨里回鹘,125
Sarkel (Bela Vezha; Belaya Vezha)[地]沙克尔(白城),180,181,577注
Sarkis (Serge)[人]萨尔吉斯,358
Sarmatians[族]萨尔马特人,xxiii,7,10,13,15-17,19,25,28,40,52,72,73,78,548注;参见Alans; Saka; Scythians
Sarosios[人]萨罗秀斯,172
Sar-Otar (Tar-Ussar; Zahidan)[地]沙尔-奥塔尔(塔尔乌沙,扎希丹),620注
Sartaq[人]撒里答,277,396-397,592注,615注
Sartes (Sarta'ut; Sartaghol)[族]萨尔特人,589注
Saruhan[地]萨鲁汉,449,451,452
Sary-Su[地]萨雷河,148,149,393,403,406,435,439,478,479,480,485,508
Sas-Kya[人]萨斯迦,298,595注
Sassanids[朝]萨珊王朝,xxx,50-51,52,67-68,82-84,85,96,116,141,142
Satilmish-beg[人]萨替尔密什·伯克,335
Satoq Bughra-khan[人]博格拉汗萨图克,145
Sauma, Rabban[人]列班·扫马,见Rabban Sauma
“Sauromatians”[族]撒乌罗玛泰伊人,548注
Sava[地]萨瓦河,174,175
Savignano, Andalo da[人]安德鲁·沙维格纳诺,见Andalo da Savignano
Sayan[地]萨彦岭,xxv
Sayyid 'Abd-Allah-khan[人]赛义德·阿拉汗,488
Sayyid Ahmed[人]赛义德·阿合木,624注
Sayyid Ajall (Shams ad-Din 'Umar)[人]赛夷阿扎儿,赛哀丁乌马儿,297,601注
Sayyid 'Ali[人]赛义德·阿里,461,492,493,624注,626注
Sayyid Muhammad-mirza[人]赛义德·马黑麻·米儿咱,499
Sayyid Muhammad Rahim-khan[人]赛义德·穆罕默德·拉希姆汗,488
Sayyids[朝]赛义德王朝,432
Schefold, K.[人]舍夫德,13
Schipenitz[地]斯奇彭尼兹,4
Scythia[地]斯基泰人之地,276,392
Scythian art[文]斯基泰艺术,7,11-15,18
Scythians (Ashkuz; Skythai)[族]斯基泰人,xxiii,xxvi,4-12,15-16,17,19,21,23,28,29,40,72,546注;参见Saka; Sarmatians
Sebeos[人]亚美尼亚史学家,561注
Sebüktigin[人]赛布克特勤,143,144
Sebzewar (Shindand)[地]撒卜兹瓦儿,343,345-346,390,410,426,428,485
Sechen (as title)[专]薛禅(称号),194-195
Sechen (person)[人]薛禅汗,510
Sechen-khan (khanate)[人]车臣汗(车臣汗国),512
Sechen-khan (死于1676年)[人]车臣汗(僧格之弟,准噶尔部人),526,527
Sechen-khan (死于1691年)[人]车臣汗(喀尔喀部),529
Secret History(of the Mongols; Manghol un Niuca Tobca'an)[书]《秘史》(蒙古人的),190,197,198,201-205,209,210,212-216,218,247,250,415,544注,601注
Segon-ghar, 见Jegün-ghar[专]左翼军
Seima[地]色玛,5
Seistan[地]锡斯坦,31,32,411,415,428,429
Selenga[地]色楞格河,113,191,192,193,194,205,479,512
Selenginsk[地]色楞金斯克,558注
Seleucia[地]塞硫西亚,357,368,369
Seleucids[朝]塞硫古王朝,31,157
Selitrennoe[地]谢利特连诺耶,400
Seljuk (Saljük; ruler)[人]塞尔柱克,148-149
Seljuks[族]塞尔柱克人,xxviii,147-155,157-161,164,165,166-167,184,185,189,236,240,245,261,263,272,281,305,312,347,350,354,355,370,377,382,385,572注
Seljuk-shan[专]塞尔柱克沙赫,366
Semipalatinsk[地]谢米巴拉金斯克,254,392,478,523
Semirechye (Pishpek)[地]谢米列契耶,80,114,236,272,341,424,566注,607注
Semmur[地]萨克马拉河(《武功记》中记法),见Sakmara
Sempad[人]森帕德,269,271
Sempad Bagratuni[人]森帕德(巴格拉德尼),561注
Sengge[人]僧格,526
Sens[地]桑斯,178
Seoul[地]汉城,259,289
Sera metropolis[地](托勒密记)长安,41
Serbia[朝]塞尔维亚,449
Serbs[专]塞尔维亚人,451
Seret[地]谢列特河,177
“Serica”[地]塞里斯,xxiii; 参见Issedon Serica
Serindia[地]西域,xxi
Setsen(as title)[专]薛禅或薛层(称号),194-195
Setserlik-mandal[地]车泽尔里克曼达勒,53
Sevan, Lake[地]塞凡湖(哥克察克湖),见Gokcha, Lake
Sevata (of Kachen)[人](卡城的)塞瓦塔,360
Seven Brothers tumuli[专]七兄弟墓,15
Seyhan[人]塞伊汉,361
Sha[地]沙河,132
Sha-ch'a Chung-yi[人]沙吒忠义,108
Shachow[地]沙州(敦煌),见Tunhwang
Shad (as title)[专]设(官名),87
Shad al-Mulk[人]夏德·穆尔克,457
Shadi-beg[人]沙狄汗,443,469-470
Shafi'ites[宗]沙菲派,400
Shahi[朝]沙赫王朝,119
Shahin Girei[人]沙希因·格来,477
Shah-khan[人]沙·汗,499
Shah Namah[书]《帝王史记》,97,159
Shah-Oghul[人]沙·斡兀立,338
Shahrbaraz[人]沙赫巴拉兹,174
Shahr-i Sebz[地]沙赫里夏勃兹,见Kesh
Shahrud[地]和椟城(赫卡托姆皮洛斯),见Hecatompylos
Shajare-i Turk[书]《突厥世系》阿布哈齐著,见Abu'l Ghazi Bahadur
Shaka[族]萨迦人,塞人,见Saka
Shama-i Jahan (Sham-i Jahan)[人]沙迷查干,425
Shamakha[地]沙马哈,246
Shamanism[宗]萨满教,23,84,86,172,190,195,197,208,215,220,513
Shams ad-Din II (活跃于1279)[人]沙姆斯哀丁二世,370
Shams ad-Din II (活跃于1329)[人]沙姆斯哀丁二世,390
Shams ad-Din Juvaini[人]沙哀丁·志费尼,367
Shams ad-Din Muhammad Kert[人]沙姆斯哀丁·穆罕默德,334,352-353,354,369-370
Shams ad-Din 'Umar[人]赛丁乌马儿(赛夷阿扎尔),见Sayyid Ajall
Shams al-Mulk Nasr[人]沙姆·乌尔·莫尔克·纳赛尔,147,152-153
Shan[专]掸邦,291
Shang[朝]商朝,5
Shangkiu[地]上谷,35
Shang-shung-la[地]桑雄拉关隘,533
Shangtuho (Chandu; Cyandu; Dolonnor; Tolun Nor)[地]上都府,多伦诺尔,3,285,288,298,307,324,325,510,529
Shanhaikwan[地]山海关,127,517
Shan-man(shaman)[宗]萨满,195
Shanshan (Pingtinghsiang; Yunnanfu)[地]善阐(平定乡;云南府),鄯善(罗布泊),42-43,46,47,49,54,59,62,95,96,284;参见Lob Nor
Shansi[地]山西,19,20,25,27,34,35,47,54,56-60,63,65,90,106,107,127,129,130,131,133,137,138,164,213,227,228,232,233,301,303,307,324,325,507,510,517,519,529
Shantung[地]山东,57,58,59,64,65,137,138,229,232,308,316
Shaohing[地]绍兴,122
Sha-po-lo[人]沙钵略,88
Shanyü(town)[地]单于都护府(绥远城),见Suiyuan (town)
Shan-yü(Ch'eng-li Ku-t'u Shan-yü; as title)[专]单于(撑犁孤涂单于),20,23
Shara (Dzasagtu-khan)[人]扎萨克图汗,528,529
Shara Muren[地]沙拉木伦河(辽河),54,127,128,130,136,325,502
Shari'a (law code)[专]沙里亚法,416
Sharif ad-Din[人]歇甫里丁,410,414,434,451
Sharkhiyan[地]沙尔希延,146
Shash[地]柘析,见Tashkent
Sha-t'o (Chöl; Ch'u-yueh)[族]沙陀人(处月),100,126-127,569注
Shaukam[专]少监,233
Shayban (活跃于1240年)[人]昔班,264,266,267,393-394,478
Shaybani[人]昔班尼,见Muhammad Shaybani
Shaybanids[朝]昔班王朝,xxviii,394,460,471,478-490,508,614注-615注
Sheburgan (Sapurgan)[地]沙普甘,305,343
She-hu (yabghu)[专]合候(称号),30
Shenchow; Kaichow; Puyanghsien; Shen-yüan[地]澶州(满族地名开州,今濮阳县),132,133,570注
Shensi[地]陕西,20,25,34,53,54,57,58,59,61,66,132,136,138,232,257,283,284,285,307,518
Shen-wen (Simeon; name)[人]西蒙,301
Shenyang (Mukden)[地]沈阳,516
Shenyüan[地]澶渊(澶州),见Shenchow
She-wei[族]室韦,578注
Shibe[地]希柏,18
Shigi-qutuqu[人]失吉忽秃忽,220,231,241,242,587注-588注,593注
Shihab ad-Din Muhammad (Muhammad of Ghor)[人]希哈布·阿德丁·摩诃末,168
Shih Chung-kuei[人]石重贵,130
Shih Hu[人]石虎,58
Shih King-t'ang[人]石敬瑭,127,129-130
Shih-kuei[人]射匮,89,93
Shih Lei[人]石勒,57-58
Shih-li-mang-kia-lo (Sri Mangala)[人]失里忙伽罗,119
Shih-pi[人]始毕,89,90
Shih Pi[人]史弼,291
Shih-pu-ch'eng[地]石堡城,118
Shih-tie-mi[人]室点密,见Istämi
Shi'ites[宗]十叶派(伊斯兰教派),142-143,150,151,390,483,484;参见Islam
Shiktur (Shinktur)[人]势都儿,293
Shilka[地]石勒喀河,515
Shimonoseki Strait[地](日本)下关,289
Shindand[地]撒卜兹瓦尔,见Sebzewar
Shinktur[人]势都儿,见Shiktur
Shirämön[人]失烈门,268,273,274
Shiratori, Kurakichi[人]白鸟库吉,24
Shiraz[地]泄剌只,设拉子,151,260,343,353,390,391,419,431,432,433,436,445,456,458,462,492,495
Shirki[人]昔里吉,292
Shir Muhammad[人]失儿·马黑麻,459
Shirvan[地]失儿湾,246,398,437,441
Shisdai[人]希斯达伊,181
Shö-luen[人]社仑可汗,61
Shoping (Yuyü)[地]朔平(右玉),57,107,136
Shtetkovo[地]斯特科夫,4
Shuen-chih[人]顺治,518
Shuen-ti[人]汉顺帝,48
Shu-an (John)[人]术安,314
Shuentö[地]顺德,见Siangkuo
Shufu[地]疏附(喀什),见Kashgar
Shuja[人]沙舒贾,391,431
Shului (Sechen-khan)[人]硕垒(车臣汗),512
Shului Ubasha khongtaiji (Altynkhan)[人]硕垒乌巴什洪台吉,512,520,521,525
Shushtar[地]苏什塔尔,432
Sialkot[地]锡尔科特,71
Sian[地]西安(长安),见Changan
Siangkuo (Shuentö)[地]顺德,57,132
Siangyang[地]襄阳,138,259,282,287,307
Siao-t'ang-shan[地]小汤山,554注
Siara-osso-gol[地]萨拉乌苏河,3
Sibir (Isker)[朝]失必儿国,489,490,521
Sidon[地]西顿,364
Sidonius Apollinaris[人]西多尼斯·阿波林纳黑斯,75
Sieg, E.,[人]西格,40
Siegling, W.,[人]西格林,40
Sienyang[地]咸阳,35
Sie-p'o A-na-che[人]薛婆阿那支,99
Sie Wan-pei[人]薛万备,101
Sigebert[人]希格贝特,173,174
Sigismund (of Hungary)[人](匈牙利的)西斯基蒙德,449
Signakhi[地]塞格纳克城,238,393,406,407,435,436,438,460,479,480
Sikander-shah[人]伊斯坎达尔沙,446
Silesia[地]昔烈西亚,266,395
Siling[地]涞源县,570注
Silistra[地]锡利斯特拉,见Dristra
Silk Road[地]丝绸之路,xxii-xxiii,35,37,39-41,45,48-52,95-98,306,312
Silk trade[专]丝绸贸易,310,311-312
Silzibul[人]室点密(叶护),见Istämi
Simeon[人]西蒙,见Rabban-ata
Simeon (of Bulgaria)[人](保加利亚大公)西蒙,178
Sinatrukes (Sanatroikes)[人]辛剌特拉克斯(沙拉特洛伊克斯),31
Sincalan[地]辛加兰(广东),见Canton
Sindufu[地]成都,见Chengtu
Singidunum[地](贝尔格莱德)辛吉杜蒙,见Belgrade
Singiumatu[地]新州马头(山东),见Tsining (Shantung)
Sinhsien[地]彭城,见Pengcheng
Sining[地]西宁,118,302,568注
Sinjibu[人]叶护(室点密)见Istämi
Sinkiang[地]新疆,126
Sinlo[地]新乐,132
Sipo[族]锡伯族人,538
Sira-ordo (Golden Residence)[专]昔剌斡儿朵,269,270,271
Sirsuti[地]锡尔苏蒂,444
Sirmium (Mitrovica)[地]锡尔米蒙(米特罗维察),173
Sis[地]西斯,370
Sisian (Sitiens)[地]锡西安,608注
Sita (Siti; Syas)[地]锡塔河,265
Sitiens[地]锡西安,见Sisian
Siuan-ti[人]汉宣帝,37
Siuni[地]锡尤尼,608注
Siun-ki, Mount[地]浚稽山,36
Sivas[地]锡瓦斯,154,263,305,391,449,450
Siverskaya[地]锡韦尔斯卡亚,16
Siwalik[地]西瓦利克山,445
Six Dynasties[专]六朝,26,76
Skandagupta[人]塞建陀罗笈多,69,70
Skull, use as drinking cup[专]作饮酒器用的头盖骨,21,27,28,176,483
Slave trade[专]奴隶贸易,403
Slavs[族]斯拉夫人,175,177,178;参见Antes; Croats; Slovenes; Wends
Slovenes[族]斯洛文尼亚人,173
Smolensk[地]斯摩棱斯克,246
Smyrna (Izmir)[地]士麦那(伊兹米尔),184,419,451,452
Sobo Nor[地]索波湖,552注
Soche[地]莎车(叶儿羌),见Yarkand
Sod-nams rgya-mts'o[人]锁南坚错,513-514
So-fei Su-tan[人]琐菲速檀,见Sufi-sultan
Sögätü(So-tu)[人]速客秃(唆都),287,290
Sogdiana (K'ang-kui; Transoxiana)[地]索格底亚那(康居,河中粟特),xxii, xxv, 30,31,38,44,45,67,80,82,83,116,117,118,119,124,141;参见Transoxiana
Sogdian language[文]索格底亚那语,粟特语,96,113,124
Sogok Nor[地]索戈克湖,552注
Sok[地]索克河,440
So-ko[人]沙葛可汗,109
Sokpa[地]索克巴,525
Solang[族]肃良合人,192
Soldaia[地]苏达克城,见Sudak
Solhat (Solgat)[地]索勒哈特,402
Solokha[地]索罗克哈,10,15
Solon[族]高丽人,192,208,515,538
Somnath[地]索姆纳特,146
Sonqor[人]失克秃儿,361
Sorcery[宗]看萨满教,见Shamanism
Sorghaqtani (Soyurghaqtani)[人]唆鲁禾帖尼(莎儿合黑塔尼),212,255,272,273,275,280,358,596注
Sorqan-shira[人]锁尔罕失剌,200,582注
Sosnovaya Maza[地]索斯诺瓦雅·马札,6
So-tu[人]唆都(速客秃),见Sögätü
South Vietnam[朝]南越,见Champa
Soyot[族](兀良哈人)索约特人,见Uriangqai
Soyurghaqtani[人]莎儿合黑塔尼(唆鲁禾帖尼),见Sorghaqtani
Soyurghatmish[人]锁咬儿哈的迷失,416
Spalato[地]斯普利特,见Split
Spice trade[专]香料贸易,310,311,312-313,315
Split (Spalato)[地]斯普利特,267
Sri Mangala[人]失里忙伽罗,见Shih-li-mang-kia-lo
Sse[族]塞人,见Saka
Ssu-ma[专]司马,54
Ssu-ma Ch-ien[人]司马迁,20,30,36
Stalingrad[地]斯大林格勒(察里津),见Tsaritsyn
Staromishastovskaya[地]斯特拉米沙斯托夫卡雅,4-5
Stavropol[地]斯塔夫罗波尔,16
Stein, Sir Mark Aurel[人]奥瑞尔·斯坦因,29,48-49,52,53,96,97,306
Stephen (Vaik), St.,[人]圣·斯提芬(瓦伊克),179
Stephen (of Serbia)[人]斯提芬,451
Stone Bridge[地]石桥,见Pul-i Sengi
Strabo[人]斯特拉波,8,28,30,155,157,573注
Strigonium[地]斯特里戈里姆堡,见Gran
Stroganov[地]斯特罗甘诺夫,489
Süanhwa (Süan-tö)[地]宣化,24,25,108,229,507,510,511
Subati (Dzasagtu-khan)[人]素巴第(札萨克图汗),512
Sublime Porte[专]土耳其政府,见Ottomans
Sübötäi[人]速不台,207,214,216,226,240,245-246,247,258,260,264,266-267,395,582注,584注
Suchow (Succiu; Sugiu)[地]肃州,35,107,133,302,306,308,310,312,499
Sudak (Soldaia)[地]苏达克城,247,276,398,400,406,591注
Suddhipala[人]硕德八剌,321
Suevi[地]苏尔维,74
Su-fa[人]苏伐(姓),见Swarna
Su-fa Pu-shih (Suvarna Pushpa)[人]苏伐勃犅,99
Su-fa Tie (Swarnatep; Suvarna Deva)[人]苏伐叠,99
Sufi-sultan (So-fei Su-tan)[人]琐非速檀,499
Sugiu[地]苏州,见Suchow
Sugunjaq (Sunjaq)[人]孔札黑,355,361
Sui[朝]隋朝,66,85,88,89,90
Suiyuan (province)[地]绥远,213,301,303,318
Suiyuan (Shanyü; town),[地]绥远,25,106;参见Kuku Hoto
Sukhotai (Hsien)[朝]速古泰国,291,600注
Sulak[地]苏拉克,180,549注,556注
Sulamish[人]苏拉米什,382
Sulde (guardian genius)[专]保护神,217
Suldu[族]速儿都思,194,200
Suleiman ibn Qutulmish[人]苏里曼·伊本·库吐米施,153,154
Sultan 'Ali of Meshed[人](麦什德的)速勒坦·阿里,465
Sultaniyeh[地]苏丹尼耶,305,368,385,387,429,458,462
Sultan-shah (死于1193年)[人]苏丹·沙赫,167
Su-lu[人]苏禄,114-115,118
Sumatra[地]苏门答腊,309
Sumun (squadrons)[专]苏木(骑兵中队),530
Sung[朝]宋朝,63,131-132,133,134,136-138,139,189,258,259,282-284,286-288,296,297,304,305,516,518,593注
Sungari[地]松花江,136,515,516,517
Sung Yün[人]宋云,65,67,69,70,71
Sunjaq[人]孔札黑,见Sugunjaq
Sunnites[宗]逊尼派,142-143,145,150,152,390,483,484;参见Islam
Sunzumatu[地]索家马头(新州马头)即山东济宁,见Tsining (Shantung)
Suqnaq-tigin[人]苏格纳黑特勤,236,238
Suri Afghans[朝]苏里阿富汗,167
Su Ting-fang[人]苏定方,102-103
Sutlej[地]萨特莱杰河,444
Su-tsung[人]肃宗,120-121
Suvarna[族]苏伐家族,见Swarna
Suvarna Deva[人]苏伐叠,见Su-fa Tie
Suvarna Pushpa[人]苏伐勃犅,见Su-fa Pu-shih
Suyunitch[人]苏英尼奇,335
Suzdal[地]苏兹达尔城,265,395,407
Suzdalia[朝]苏兹达里亚公国,265
Svetoslav (Bulgar)[人]斯维托斯拉夫,402,403
Sviatopolk[地]斯威阿托颇尔克,175,178
Sviatoslav (of Kiev)[人]斯维托斯拉夫,181
Svishtov[地]斯维什托夫,76
Swarna (Suvarna; Su-fa; family)[族]苏伐家族,99
Swarnatep[人]苏伐叠,见Su-fa Tie
Syas[地]锡塔河,见Sita
Syr Darya (Jaxartes)[地]锡尔河,xxix,29,30,67,142,149,169,235,238,244,247,305,312,393,397,406,407,412,421,435,436,438,460,464,479,488,493,532
Syria[地]叙利亚,40,152,154,155,261,282,300,312,349,355,359-365,370,371,373,374,375,376,382,398,419,447-448,450;参见Mamelukes (dynasty)
Syr Tardush[族]薛延陀,92,93,565注
Szechwan[地]四川,132,258,259,282,283,284,285,307,518,533
Szentes[地]森特什,176
Szakald[地]扎卡尔德,267
Szilagyi-Somlio[地]舍拉吉-索姆利欧,8,176
Tabaqat-i-Nasiri[书]朱兹贾尼著《宗教保卫者一览表》,见Juzjani
Tabari[人]塔巴里,83,117
Tabaristan[地]塔巴里斯坦,142
Tabgatch[族]拓跋,见Toba
Tabriz (Tauris)[地]大不里士,桃里寺(元),xxvii,xxix,151,169,224,245,260,261,262,281,305,309,312,313,315,348,359,368,377,379,381,389,390,391,405,419,426,430,437,445,453,456,458
Täb-tängri[人]帖卜腾格里(阔阔出),见Kökchü
Tadzhiks[族]塔吉克人,161,237,277,327,344,381,426
Taganrog[地]塔甘罗格,16
Tagarskoye[地]塔格尔斯科耶,17
Taherten[人]塔黑屯,430,449,450
Tahir-khan[人]塔希尔汗,508
Tahmasp[人]塔马斯普,484-485
Ta-hsia[地]大夏(巴克特里亚),见Bactria
Tai[地]代郡(看平城),见Pingcheng
Taianfu[地]太原,见Taiyüan
Taibugha[人]台不花别吉,见Taibuqa
Taibuqa (Taibugha; Baibuqa; Tayang)[人]台不花,205,212,213,214,215,216
Taichow[地]代州,108
Taichu[人]泰出,204
Taiji (as title)[专]太子(称号),582注
Taijigot, Taiji'ut[族]泰赤乌惕部,见Tayichi'ut
Taiping[地]太平,137,287
Taishi (as title)[专]太子(称号),即王子,195
T'ai-tsi (as title)[专]太子(称号),即王子,195
T'ai-tsu (Chao K'uang-yin)[人]太祖(赵匡胤),131
T'ai-tsung (Sung emp.)[人]太宗(宋朝),131
T'ai-tsung (Li Shih-min; T'ang emp.)[人]唐太宗,李世民,90,92,93,94,95,98,99,100,101,102,111,134
T'ai-wang, t'ai-yang (as title)[专]大王,太阳(称号),205
Taiyiji (nobles)[专]台吉(贵族),530
Taiyüan (Taianfu; Tsining; Tsinyang)[地]太原(冀宁,晋阳),27,56,59,60,107,122,126,130,131,136,229,232,307,324,325
Takash (活跃于1084年)[人]塔卡什,153
Takash (活跃于1172-94)[人]塔喀什,167
Taka-shima[地]鹰岛,289
Taklamakan[地]塔克拉玛干大沙漠,xxii
Talamba[地]德伦巴,445
Talas (river)[地]怛逻斯河,38,67,82,83,87,120,142,145,233,234,236,244,254,273,326,327,340,342,343,386,395,422,425
Talas (Aulie-Ata; Dzhambul; Tankip; Yangi; town)[地]怛逻斯,(奥李阿塔,养吉,江布尔),67,84,93,120,141,142,147,169,277,303,312,338,423,461,492
Talekan[地]塔里寒,68
Tale-Lama[地]大理国(看云南),见Dalai Lama
Tali (kingdom)[地]大理城,见Yunnan
Tali (Caragian; town)[地]大理,284,307
Taliang[地]大梁,见Kaifeng
Taliku[人]塔里忽,338
Tallgren, A. M.[人]塔尔格伦,4,5,6,10-11,14,17
Ta-lo-pien[人]大逻便,88
Talysh[文]塔里锡文化,5,545注
Tamagha[专]塔马合,见Tamgha
Taman Peninsula[地]塔曼半岛,10,180,181,182,
Tambov[地]坦波夫,471
Tamerlane (Timurlenk)[人]帖木儿,248,300,325,328,345,346,390,391,400,406,408-453,456,479;特点,414-415,434;cruelty,428,430,431,442,444-445,450
Tamgatch-khan[人]贝里特勤,见Buri-tigin
Tamgha (tamagha; seal)[专]塔马合(印),220,586注
Tamghaj[专]拓跋,见Toba
Taming (Kichow)[地]大名,132,137,229,232,588注
Tämir[地]塔米尔河,294,528
Tana (Azov)[地]塔那(亚速夫海附近),15,16,312,313,404,405,441,442,475
Tanduc[地]托克托,见Toqto
Tang[人]唐王,518
T'ang[朝]唐朝,xxx,66-67,88,90,98,99,101-103,106-109,111-115,117-122,124-125,126-128,302
T'ang, Hou-[朝]后唐,见Hou-T'ang
T'ang Hiu-ying[人]唐休璟,118
Tang-hu[专]当户(称号),21
Tängri (khagan)[人]登利可汗,113
Tängri (Heaven), cult of[宗]腾格里(天国),20,23,84,86,106,179,217,219-220,228,244,266,270-271,354,561注,585注
Tängri bilgä[人]腾里野合俱录毗伽,122
Tängridä bulmysh alp qutlugh ulugh bilgä[人]爱腾里逻羽録没蜜施合胡禄,122
Tängridä bulmysh külüg bilgä[人]爱登里逻汨没蜜施俱録毗伽可汗,122
Tängrida qut bulmysh il ytmish bilgä qaghan[专]可汗名下赞誉之词,意为从天国获得的至高无上的权力,567注
Tängri-yin kuchundur[专]凭借长生天的力量,380
T'ang Shu[书]《唐书》,90,93-94,101,106
Tangut[族]唐兀惕(西夏),125,132,133,294,299,302,303,306,321,369,400;参见Hsi-Hsia
Tanki[地]看怛逻斯城,见Talas (town)
Tannu-Ola (Kögmän)[地]唐努乌拉,109,216,549注
Tannu-Tuva[地]唐努图瓦,544注
Tan-shih-huai[人]檀石淮,53
Taoism[宗]道教(先生),63,111,220,244,275,276,297,298,299,300;hsien-sheng (monks),602注
Tao-jen[宗]道人,见T'o-yin
Ta-pu-yen[人]塔不烟,166
Tara[地]塔拉,523
Taranchi[族]塔兰奇人,538
Tarbagatai[地]塔尔巴哈台,xxiii,xxvi,89,92,95,114,119,164,215,255,273,280,286,291,295,333,349,424,479,512,520,523,525,526,527,530,531,538
Tardu (Ta-t'ou)[人]达头,84-85,88,89,173,562注
Tardu-shad[人]达度设,93
Targhutai Kiriltuq[人]塔儿忽台乞邻勒,200,206,580注,582注
Ta'rikh-i Jahan-gusha[书]志费尼《世界征服者史》,见Juvaini
Ta'rikh-i Rashidi[书]《拉失德史》,见Muhammad Haidar II
Tarim[地]塔里木,xxii,xxiii,28,37-54,59,92,93,95-101,103,107,114-115,118,119,303,306,542;参见各绿洲条
Tarkhan (tarkhat; as title)[专]答儿罕,达干(称号),222,582注,586注-597注
Tarmashirin[人]塔儿麻失里,见'Ala ad-Din (Tar-mashirin)
Tarn, W. W.[人]塔恩,30,31
Tarqu[地](其他史料中的)萨曼塔尔,577注
Tarsa(Christian designation)[专]迭屑(基督教徒),300
Tarsus[地]塔尔苏斯,370
Tartar[族]塔塔儿人,见Tatar
Tar-Ussar[地]塔尔乌沙,见Sar-Otar
Tash Arighi[人]塔什·阿里希,411
Tashkent (Shash)[地]塔什干(柘析),29,89,96,103,116,117,119,142,235,238,244,312,338,345,411,413,415,418,419,423,425,438,439,457,463,480,481,482,484,485,488,489,492,494,495,496,508,531,532,533,540
Tash Kurghan[地]塔什库尔干,41,306
Tashtyk[专]塔锡蒂克文化,19
Tatar[族]塔塔儿(三十姓鞑靼,九姓鞑靼),139,191-192,193,198-199,203-204,206,207-208,213,227;称作蒙古人是不对的,472,585注;参见Otuz Tatar; Toquz Tatar
T'a-t'a-t'ung-a[人]塔塔统阿,190,216,220,232,250,584注
Tating[地]大宁,136,138,227
Ta-t'ou[人]达头,见Tardu
Ta-ts'in[地]大秦(罗马帝国,见Roman Empire)
Tatta, Lake[地]塔塔湖盆地,157
Tatu[地]大都(北京),见Peking
Tatung (Yünchow)[地]大同,xxiv,20,27,57,58,60,63,126,129,131,133,136,138,227,229,324,507,510,511
Taugast[族]桃花石(拓跋),见Toba
Tauris[地]桃里士(大不里士),见Tabriz
Tawaji[人]达瓦齐,见Dawaji
Tawakkul[人]泰外库勒汗,508,531
Taxation[专]税收(制度),251,253,256-257,275,300,351,352,586注,602注
Tayang (as title)[专]大王,太阳,蒙古语塔阳,190,205
Tayang (person)[人]塔阳(台不花),见Taibuqa
Tayanku (Tayanku-Taraz)[人]塔延古·塔拉兹,168-169,234
Tayichi'ut (Taijigot; Taiji'ut)[族]泰赤乌惕部,194,195,200,206,207
Tay Kiet[地]特基特湾,290
Ta-yüan[地]大宛(费尔干纳),见Fergana
Ta Yüeh-chih[族]大月氏,29
Tbilisi[地]第比利斯(梯弗里斯),见Tiflis
Tbilisskaya[地]第比利斯卡亚,73
Tebes[地]特伯斯,485
Tegin (tekin; as title)[专]特勤(称号),71,87
Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre[人]查尔丁,3
Tekes[地]特克斯河,93,491
Tekin[专]特勤,见Tegin
Tekke[地]泰凯,452
Tekrit[地]提克里特,见Tikrit
Tekuder (Ahmed)[人]帖古迭儿,367,371-372
Teletz[人]泰勒兹汗,177
Temeyen-ke'er[地]特木因—基也尔,213
Temir[地]铁米尔,336
Templar of Tyre, Gestes des Chiprois[专]提尔的圣殿骑士《奇普洛瓦故事集》,361,363
Temuge (Temuge Ochigin)[人]铁木哥(铁木哥·斡赤斤),199,213,218,230,255,269,271
Temujin[人]铁木真(成吉思汗),见Jenghiz Khan
Temür (Temür Oljaitu)[人]铁穆耳(铁穆耳完泽笃),xxx,290,291,294,295,299,302,313-314,320,321,335,336,338,380,384,403
Temür-buqa[人]帖木儿不花,325
Temutai[人]铁木台,259
Tengkow[地]定州,108
Teng-li Meu-yu[人]登里牟羽,121
Tengri hills[地]腾格里山,340
Tengri Nor (Nam Tso)[地]腾格里湖(纳木错),524,533
Teplukhov[人]特普鲁科夫,19
Terek[地]捷列克河,5,72,74,180,366,387,392,398,441,472,503
Tereshcenko[人]特里斯圣科,442
Termez[地]帖尔木兹,159,342,414
Terter, George[人]乔治·特尔特,402
Tervel[人]泰弗尔,177
Tes[地]特斯,18
Tesh (Ti-shö)[人]蒂赊,567注
Teu Hien[人]窦宪,46
Teu Ku[人]窦固,42
Teutonic Knights[专]条顿骑士团,266
Thagouri[族]塔沟里人,28
Thagouron[地]塔沟拉城,28
Thai[族]傣族(罗罗人),291;参见Lo-Lo
Thaleqan[地]塔里寒城,241
Thana[地]塔纳,312,315
Thanesar (Thaneswar)[地]塔内瑟尔,72,146,599注
Thanhoa[地]清化,290
Theodora (wife of Justinian II)[人](查士丁尼二世之妻)塞俄多拉皇后,179
Theodore (khangan)[人]塞俄多尔,175
Theodoric (Visigoth)[人]狄奥多里克,58,76
Theognostes[人]塞俄罗斯特斯,401
Theophilus, (Byzantine emperor)[人](拜占庭皇帝)狄奥菲勒斯,180
Theophylactus Simocattes[人]塞俄菲拉克特斯·西摩卡塔,84,171,172,560注,561注,575注
Thessalonica[地]塞萨洛尼基,185
Thiän-tak[地]天德(托克托),见Toqto
Thinae[地](托勒密记)洛阳,41
thirty Tatar[族]三十姓鞑靼,见Otuz Tatar
Thogara[地](希腊史家记的张掖)塔沟拉城,28,41
Thogay[人]托盖,304
Thomas (of Florence)[人]佛罗伦萨的托马斯,314
Thomsen, V. L. P.[人]汤姆森,86
Thoroana[地]塞洛亚那,41
Thozan[地]东胜(托克托),见Toqto
Thrace[地]色雷斯,6,8,9,76,157,174,182,184,399,449
Thraco-Phrygians[族]色雷斯—弗里吉亚种人,4,10
Three Kingdoms[朝]三国,54,55
Three Quriqan[族]三个骨利干部(联盟),578注
Thunderbolt Goddess[专](一种游戏)劈雷女神,134
Thuringia[地]图林,173
Tiberius II[人]提比留斯二世,84
Tibet (T'u-fan)[族]吐蕃[地]西藏,103,107,114,115,118,119,126,189,284,319,367,522-524,532-533,536;参见K'iang; Lamaism; Tangut
Tibetan script[文]藏文,298
T'ie-mai-kai[地]帖麦该川,213
T'ien[文]汉语“天”,指天神之意,219
T'ien-ho (Denha; name)[人]腆合,301
T'ien Shan[地]天山,xxi,xxiii,28,40,84,96,423,424,495,497,501
T'ien-tö[地]天德(托克托),见Toqto
Tiflis (Tbilisi)[地]梯弗里斯,179,245,246,260,263,348,399,434
Tigris[地]底格里斯河,355,357,433
Tigris[地]伏尔加河(马可记伏尔加河),见Volga
Tikrit (Tekrit)[地]提克里特,433
Ti-ku-nai[人]迭古乃,138,139
Timur[人]帖木儿(帖木兰),见Tamerlane
Timur (活跃于1415年)[人]帖木儿,470
Timurid art[专]帖木儿朝艺术,457,465
Timurids[朝]帖木儿王朝,xxviii,158,243,342,416,418,456-465,479,480,481,483,484,485,492
Timurlenk[人]跛子帖木儿,见Tamerlane
Timur-malik[人]帖木儿灭里,238,406-407,435
Timur Qutlugh[人]帖木儿·忽特鲁格,440,442,443,469,622注,624注
Timur-shah[人]帖木儿·沙,487
Timurtash[人]帖木儿塔什,387,389,447,614注
Tingchow[地]定州(中山),见Chungshan
Tingiu[地]德化,见Tö-hua
Ti-ping[人]宋帝昺,288
Tirnovo[地]特尔诺沃,403
Ti-shö[人]蒂赊,见Tesh
Tisza[地]蒂萨河,72,174,266
Titus[宗]提多,49
Toba (Tabgatch; Tamghaj; Taugast)[族]拓跋人,xxviii,xxix,57,58,60-66,81,283,288,300,558注,560注,561注;参见Wei
Toba Hung[人]拓跋弘,64-65
Toba Hung II[人]拓跋宏,65
Toba K'iao[人]拓跋恪,65
Toba Kuei[人]拓跋珪,60
Toba Siun[人]拓跋濬,64
Toba Ssu[人]拓跋嗣,61
Toba Tao[人]拓跋焘,61,62-64
Tobol[地]托博尔,439,478,489,521
Tobolsk[地]托博尔斯克,479,489,490
Töchow[地]德州,132
Tödöyän-Girte[人]托多颜·昔惕,200
Togachar[人]脱格察儿,599注
Togachi[人]秃合赤,340
Toghan Temür (1333-70)[人]妥懽帖睦尔,319,321,323,324,325,502
Toghon (Toghan; 活跃于1285年)[人]脱欢(忽必烈之子),290
Toghon (Toghon Temür; Toghan; 活跃于1434年)[人]脱欢(马合木之子),491,505-506,629注
Toghrul-beg[人]吐格利尔拜格,见Togrul-beg
Togh Temür[人]图帖睦尔,321
Toghul Timur[人]吐格帖木儿,390
Togortak[地]托加尔塔克,184
Togrul (Wang-khan)[人]脱斡邻勒(王罕),192,199,200-201,203-212,216,578注
Togrul III[人]吐格利尔,158-159,167
Togrul-beg (Toghrul-beg)[人]吐格利尔拜格,147,149-150,151-152,158,159
Tö-hua (Tingiu)[地]德化,604注-605注
Tokat[地]托卡特,263,449
Tokhari[族]吐火罗人,27-28,31;参见Tukhara
Tokharian languages[文]吐火罗语,见Kuchean language
Tokharistan[地]吐火罗斯坦,116,117,118,119,143,参见Bactria
Tokharoi[人](希腊人的)吐火罗人,28,30,31
Tokhta-qiya[人]脱黑脱乞牙,406,435
Tokien[地]乾城,46
Tokmak[地]托克玛克93,94,96,114,115,423,491
Tö-kuang[人]德光,129,130
Töläch (Tölös)[族]铁勒,60,81,89,92,93,100,565注;参见Kao-kiu; Uigurs
Tolbiacum[地]托尔比阿克,63
Tölös[族]铁勒族,见Töläch
Tolui[人]拖雷,212,229,239-243,255,258,593注
Tolui, house of[人]拖雷家族,272,273,274,292,295,329,380,394
Tolun Nor[地]多伦诺尔(上都府),见Shangtuho
Tomsk[人]托木斯克,490
Tonkin[地]东京平原,289,290
Tonyuquq (Toñuqouq)[人]暾欲谷,106,110,111,112
T'o-po[人]他钵,88,562注
Toqtai (Toqta; Toqtoa)[人]脱脱,384,402,403,404
Toqtamish[人]脱脱迷失,393,406-408,430,435-443,469,479,615注
Toqtemür[人]脱脱木儿,292
Toqto (Koshang; Tanduc; Thiän-tak; Thozan; T'ien-tö; Toshang; Tung-sheng)[地]托克托(科尚,东胜,天德),213,301,303,306,307,318,570注;参见Kweihwacheng
Toqtoa[人]脱脱,见Toqtai
Toqto'a (Toqto'a-bäki)[人]脱脱别乞,201,205,208,213,215,582注
Toqtoa-buqa[人]脱脱不花,507
Toquz Oghuz (Nine Oghuz)[族]九姓乌古思,106,110,126,145,565注,566注
Toquchar[人]脱合察,241,584注
Toquz Tatar (Nine Tatar)[族]九姓鞑靼,110,192
Toquz Temür[人]脱古思帖木儿,502-503
Törägänä[人]脱列哥那,268-269,271,330,352,595注,615注
Toramana[人]多拉马那,71
Torbitashi[人]托比塔石,583注
Torghaq (guard)[专]卫队,哨兵,520
Torghut (Törghüt)[族]土尔扈特人,488,503,510,520-522,523,525,538-539,540;参见Oirat
Torii[人]托利,53
Torks[族]托克人(乌古思),见Oghuz
Toru Haneda[人]托鲁·汉勒达,30
Toshang[地]东胜(托克托),见Toqto
Tötsing (Tsingfeng)[地]德清军(清丰县),132
Tovinsk[族]图瓦族,538
T'o-yin (tao-jen; tuinan; Buddhist monks)[宗]道人,597注,602注
Trade[专]贸易(指丝绸贸易),309-313,403;参见Silk Road
Trajan[人]图拉真,45,72
Tran Nhon-ton[人]陈仁宗,290
Transbaikalia[地]外贝加尔地区,13,25,37,208
Transcaucasia[地]外高加索地区,179,376,437
Transoxiana[地]河中地区,141-147,149,152-153,159,160,165,168,169,172,189,233,236,238,239,242,255,269,292,293,305,326,333,334,335,336,338,340,342,343,344,345,352,369,370,376,387,390,406,408-419,421,422,423,425,426,428,432,435,438,440,453,456,457,460,463,464,465,479,481-488,492-496,500,508;参见Sogdiana
Transylvania[地]特兰西瓦利亚,173,178
Tran Thaitong[人]陈日煚,284
Travancore[地]特拉万可,309,311
Treaty of Belgrade[专]贝尔格莱德条约,475
Treaty of Karlowitz[专]卡尔洛维茨条约,475
Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji[专]库楚克-凯纳尔吉条约,475,477
Treaty of the Prut[专]普鲁特条约,475
Trebizond (city)[地]特拉布松,309,312,313,314,374,453
Trebizond (empire) [王朝]特拉布松国,312,449,591注
Trifonova[地]特里波利耶,18
Tripitaka[书]《三藏》,49
Tripoli (county)[地]特里波利郡,360
Tripolye[地]特里波利耶,4
Troitsk[地]特洛伊茨克,558注
Troitskosavsk[地]特洛伊茨科沙夫斯克,25,37
Troyes[地]特鲁瓦,76
Tsaghan-gol[地]柴汗沟,549注
Tsagun Dorji (Tushetu-khan)[人]察珲多尔济(土谢图汗),528,529
Ts'aichow (Juning)[地]蔡州,258
Tsaidam[地]柴达木,212,523,524,525,526,533
Tsang (gTsang)[地]乌斯藏,298,523,524
Tsanglu (Cianglu)[地]长芦,308
Ts'ao Pei[人]曹丕,54
Ts'ao Pin[人]曹彬,131
Ts'ao Ts'ao[人]曹操,54
Tsarev[地]察列甫,400,442
Tsaritsyn (Stalingrad; Volgograd)[地]察里津(斯大林格勒),247,522
Tsereng Dondub[人]大策凌敦多卜,524,531,532,533,536,540
Tsewang Dorji Namgyal[人]策妄·多尔济·那木札尔,537
Tsewang Rabdan[人]策妄阿拉布坦,531,532,533,536,540,541
Tsewang Shab[人]策妄扎布,529
Ts'ien-Chao (Pei-Han)[朝]前赵(北汉),56
Ts'ien-Ch'in[朝]前秦,58
Ts'ien-Yen[朝]前燕,58,59
Tsifeng[地]赤峰,136
Tsinan[地]济南,137,229,232
Tsingchow (Yitu)[地]青州(益都),557注,571注
Tsingfeng[地]清丰(德清军),见Tötsing
Tsingshui[地]清水河,248
Tsining (Shansi)[地]冀宁(山西)(太原),见Taiyüan
Tsining (Singiumatu; Sunzumatu; in Shantung)[地]济宁(山东),308,316
Tsinyang[地](晋阳)看太原,见Taiyüan
Tsiyang (Ciangli)[地]滋阳,308
Tsi-Yung[人]祭彤,39
Tsong-kha-pa[人]宗喀巴,513,514
Tsoros[族]看绰罗斯部,见Choros
Tsotba Ba'atur[人]卓特巴巴图尔,526,527
Tsuglan (Diets or leagues)[专]扎格兰,530
Tsu-k'iu[人]沮渠(北凉),见Pei-Liang
Tsushima[地]对马岛,289
Tuan Hing-chih[人]段兴智,284
Tuan Kung[人]段颎,48
T'u-chüeh (Blue Turks; Kök Türk)[族]突厥人,xxii,xxiii,xxiv,8,23,79-90各处,92-95,99,100,103,106-114,116-117,120,126,127-128,171,172,173-174,176,196,216,217,224,231,256,326,417,546注,585注;参见Nu-shih-pi; Tu-lu (tribes)
T'u-ch'i[专]屠耆王,20
Tuda Mangu[人]脱脱蒙哥,401-402
Tudun (as title)[专]吐屯,87,175
T'u-fan[族]吐蕃(看藏族),见Tibet
Tughan[人]托甘汗,133,146
Tugha Timur[人]秃花·帖木儿,428
Tughlugh (活跃于1274年)[人]秃忽鲁哥,308
Tughlugh (活跃于1305年)[人]吐格鲁格,339,340
Tughlugh Timur[人]秃忽鲁帖木儿,344-345,346,409-410,411,422
Tughri[地]四塔沟里,见“Four Tughri”
Tugshada[人]吐格沙达,116,117
Tuinan[宗]参看道人,见T'o-yin
Tukhara[族]吐火罗人,28,40,68,69;参见Tokhari
Tu-k'i-che[人]突骑支,99
Tula[地]土拉河(土兀剌河),35,106,110,191,200,212,247,255,502,504,512,529,530,536
Tula-buqa[人]秃剌不花,401,402
Tu-lan[人]都兰,88,89
T'u-li[人]突利,88,89,92
Tulik[人]吐利克,344
Tultu[地]吐尔吐,551注
Tu-lu (person)[人]咄陆,95
Tu-lu (tribes)[族]咄陆部,95,102,103,109,114
Tulugma (heading-off movement)[专]拦截运动,224
Tulun-cherbi[人]咄伦·切必,589注
T'u-man[人]头曼,27
Tümed[族]土默特部,509,510,513,514,517,519,529,530,629注
T'u-men[人]土门(看布明),见Bumin
Tumen (army division)[专]土绵(万夫长),222,587注
Tumengken[人]图蒙肯,512
Tümen Sasaktu[人]图们札萨克图汗,510,514
T'u-mu[地]土木,507
T'ung-chien-k'ang-mu[书]《通鉴纲目》,132
Tungchow[地]通州,325
Tungge (Tungeli)[地]董哥泽,583注
Tung hua lu[书]《东华录》,536
Tung-ko, Lake[地]董哥泽,210
Tungkwan[地]潼关,232,257,258
Tung-nu[族]东胡,27
Tungsheng[地]东胜(看托克托),见Toqto
T'ung Shih-hu[人]统叶护,93,94-95
Tungus[族]通古斯人,xxiv,xxv,53,78,128,189,514,515-516,519;参见Jurchid; Kin
Tungus languages[文]通古斯语,xxv,127,193
Tunguska[地]通古斯卡,515
Tungwan[地]统万城,61
Tung-Wei[朝]东魏,65,66,82
Tunhwang (Saciu; Shachow)[地]敦煌(沙洲),xxii,35,36,41,52,96,133,302,305,306,312,499,536
Tupshi[地]吐帕施,36
Tuq (army division)[专](十万人的组织称为纛,587注
Tuq (standard)[专]纛(旗子),210,216,217,293
Tuqa Timur[人]秃花帖木儿,334
Tuqiti-khatun[人]秃乞台可敦,358
Toqulqu-cherbi[人]秃忽鲁忽切儿比,593注
Tuqugan[人]秃罕,见Tutuqan
Tura[地]图拉河,479,489
Turan[地]图兰,252
Turan-shah[人]图兰沙,362
Turbat-i-Jam[地]土尔巴特·杰姆,484
Turbet[族]杜尔伯特,见Dörböt
Turfan (Carachoço; Kaochang; Karakhoja; Khocho; Kiu-shih)[地]吐鲁番(高昌,哈拉火州,车师),xxii,xxiii,28,35,37,38,40,42,44,46,47,48,59,62,64,89,93,94,95,98,100,122,124,125,144,164,189,197,233,252,305,312,326,329,424,425,453,491,492,493,494,496,497,498,499,506,528,536,603注,艺术,52,96,98,122,124
Turfanese language[专]吐鲁番语,96
Türgäch[族]突骑施,见Türgish
Turgai (region)[地]图尔盖,254,392,394,403,460,478,479,522
Turgai (river)[地]图尔盖河,8,19,148,393,394,439,485,508
Turghai[人]图盖,339
Turghaq (turgha'ut; army guards)[专]土儿合兀惕(值日班者),222
Türgish (Türgäch)[族]突骑施,107,109,114-115,118
Turkan-khatun[人]秃儿罕可敦,237
Turkestan (Yasy; town)[地]突厥斯坦城(雅西城),238,438,439,479,480,481,488,492,493,496,507,526,531,532
Turkic language[文]突厥语,xxv,327,465,544注,579注-580注
Turkic script[文]突厥文,113,124
Turkman[族]土库曼人,见Turkoman
Turkmenistan[地]土库曼斯坦,164
Turkoman (Turkman)[族]土库曼人,148,149,153,155,157,158,160,161,164,185,382,385,391,418,430,431,521,522,572注
Tus (Mashhad; Meshed)[地]图斯(麦什德),167,240,241,351,352,368,376,387,425,483,484,485
Tusculum[地]图斯卡鲁姆,375
Tushetu-khan (person)[人]土谢图汗(察珲多尔济),见Tsagun Dorji
Tushetu-khan (Bodgo-khan; khanate)[人]土谢图汗,53,512,528
Tu-tsung[人]宋度宗,286
Tutuq (as title)[专](突厥语)都督,582注
Tutuqan(Tuquqan)[人]秃罕,401
Tutush[人]突吐施,154,155
T'u-yu[人]突欲,129
T'u-yü-huen[族]吐谷浑,64-65,89
Tver[地]特维尔城,265,395,404
Tyawka[人]头克汗,531,532,625注
Tyre[地]提尔,360,361
Tyumen[地]秋明,406,443,489,490,614注
Tyutshta[地]秋兹塔,66,558注
Tzelgu[人]翟尔古,184
Tzu-ch'uan[地]酒泉,35,41
Uar (Var)[族]瓦尔部,171,172
Uarkhonites (Ouarkhonitai; Uarkhuni; Varchonitae)[族]瓦尔和昆尼,82,171,173
'Ubaidallah[人]奥贝都剌汗,485
Ubasha[人]渥巴锡汗,522,538-539
Ubsa Nor[地]乌布萨泊,190,510,512,525
Uch Ferman[地]乌什吐鲁番,见Uch Turfan
Uchirtu-sechen[人]鄂齐尔图(车臣汗),523,525,526,527
Uchiyeds[族]乌济叶特人,629注
Uch Turfan (Uch Ferman; Wensu)[地]乌什·吐鲁番,40,425,541
Uchur[族]乌楚尔人,515
Udine[地]乌迪内,319
Udiyana[地]乌阇衍那,65
Ufa[地]乌发,548注
Ugä[人]乌介,见Wu-kiai
Ugechi (活跃于1267年)[人]忽哥赤,308
Ugechi (Ökächi;活跃于1399年),[人]鬼力赤,503,628注
Ugra[地]乌格拉河,470
Uigur[族]回纥,回鹘,畏兀儿,xxiv,60,81,89,100,102,110,113-114,120-122,124,125-126,128,133,144,149,164,171,180,189,190,196,197,212,216,217,220,231,233,234,250,251,252,277,319,327,417,424,425,565注-566注;参见Sari-Uigur; Töläch
Uiguria[地]回鹘地区(畏兀儿地区),244,326,329,330,335,367,417,482,493,496;参见Beshbaligh; Kucha; Turfan
Uiguristan (Ioguristan)[地]畏兀儿斯坦,305,424,461,463,491,493,495-499
Uigur language[文]回鹘语,畏兀儿语,220,243
Uigur script[专]回鹘文,畏兀儿文,113,124,125-126,220,252,277,298-299,351,601注Uiguro-Mongol,516,521
Ukenj[人]斡根赤,330,606注
Ukraine[地]乌克兰,265,266
Ulala[地]乌拉拉,525
Ulan Bator[地]乌兰巴托,见Urga
Ulan-put'ung[地]乌兰布通,529
Ulaqchi[人]兀剌黑赤,397
Uliassutai[地]乌里雅苏台,20,479,512,537
Ulja[地]斡里札,203
Üllö[地]于勒,176
Ulski[地]乌尔斯基,15
Ulu-jüz[族]大帐,见Great Horde
Ulu Muhammad[人]乌鲁·穆罕默德,472
Ulus (tribe; small nation)[专]兀鲁思(部落,小民族),193,253,579注
Ulus-begi (as title)[专]兀鲁思别吉,344,422
Ulus-irgen (organized nation or state)[专]兀鲁思-亦尔坚(国家),197,579注
Ulu-Tau (Ulugh tagh)[地]兀鲁塔山,215,393,406,435,439,478,479,485
Ulyungur Nor[地](克孜尔巴什湖)乌伦古尔湖,见Qyzyl-bash
Umai[宗]乌迈,86
'Umar-mirza[人]乌马儿·米尔咱,456,458
'Umar-shaikh (死于1391年)[人]乌马儿·沙黑(帖木儿之子),425,433,438,456
'Umar-shaikh (1469-94)[人]乌马儿·沙黑,463,494
Umehara, Sueju[人]梅原末治,24
Ummayads[朝]倭马亚王朝,116-117
Unaghan boghul[专]乌拉干,孛斡勒(奴隶、属臣),见Boghul
Unggur[人]乌格尔,588注
Ungvar (Uzhgorod)[地]乌日哥罗德,266
Uquna[人]兀忽纳,238
Ur[地]乌尔,8
Ural (Yaik; river)[地]乌拉尔河(扎牙黑河),6,181,182,186,277,392,394,407,439,471,472,478,479,480,486,522,525,531
Urals (mountains)[地]乌拉尔山,xxv,8,78,177,247,264,393-394,478,489
Uralsk[地]乌拉尔斯克,254,392
Ura Tyube[地]乌拉秋别,36,464
Urban V, Pope[人]教皇乌尔班五世,319
Urga (Ulan Bator)[地]库伦(乌兰巴托),xxi,512,514,529,530
Urgench (Gurganj)[地]乌尔根奇,玉龙杰赤,160,237,239,241,243,254,335,394,421,479,485,521,589注
Uriangkhai (place)[地]乌梁海地区,549注
Uriangkhans[族]兀良哈人,509,629注
Uriangqai (Soyot; people)[族]兀良哈人(索约特人),538,579注,582注
Uriangqatai (Uriankqadai)[人]兀良哈台,28,284,598注
Urianqut[族]兀良忽人,582注
Urmia, Lake[地]乌尔米亚湖,359
Urtupa[地]乌尔吐帕,440
Uruk-khatun[人]兀鲁克可敦,373,383
Urumchi (Urumtsi)[地]乌鲁木齐,95,536,537,538
Urungu[地]乌伦古河,61,81,89,119,205,255,272,312,479,510,523,525,538
Urus[人]兀鲁思,406,435
Uru'ud[族]乌鲁尔德部,194,210,583注
Ushin Banner[族]乌审旗,513
Uspenskoye[地]乌斯平斯科伊,见Bolgar (town)
Usrushna[地]乌拉秋别,见Ura Tyube
Ussuri[地]乌苏里江,128,133,134,515
Ust-Kamenogorsk[地]乌斯季卡缅诺哥尔斯克堡,532
Ust-Labinskaya[地]乌斯拉宾斯卡亚,16
Ust-Urt[地]乌兹特-乌尔特,164
Usun[人]兀孙,218
'Uthman (of Tekke)[人]乌斯曼,452
'Uthman I (Osman)[人]奥斯曼一世,385,389
Uthman ibn Ibrahim[人]乌斯曼·伊本·易不拉欣,168,169,237
Uturgurs (Utrigurs)[族]乌特格尔人,79,80,172,173
Uweis[人]乌畏思,390,391
Uzbeks (özbegs)[族]乌兹别克人,460,464,465,479-486,488,500,531;参见Shaybanids
Uzes[族]乌泽人,见Oghuz
Uzgen[地]乌兹根(讹迹邗),144,234,423,460,479
Uzhgorod[地]乌日哥罗德,见Ungvar
Uzindur[地]乌金杜尔,78
Uzun Hasan[人]乌宗·哈桑,459,462,470
Vaik[人]瓦伊克(圣斯提芬),见Stephen
Vais (Vais-khan)[人]歪思汗,491,492,506
Vakhsh[地]瓦赫什河,346,411
Valens[人]瓦伦丁,48
Valentinian III[人]瓦伦丁三世,76
Valentinos[人]瓦伦丁,84,85,88,172,173,
Van (town)[地]凡城,431,433
Van, Lake[地]凡湖,261
Var[族]瓦尔部,见Uar
Varchonitae[族]瓦尔昆尼人,见Uarkhonites
Vartan[人]瓦尔坦,356-357,358,360,361
Vartopu[文]瓦尔特浦文化,6
Varus[人]瓦努斯,36
Vasellus, James[人]瓦舍鲁斯·詹姆斯,371
Vasellus, John[人]瓦舍鲁斯·约翰,371
Vasili Ivanovich[人]瓦西里·伊凡洛维奇(巴西尔三世),见Basil III
Vasudeva[人]韦苏特婆,32
Venetians[族]威尼斯人,533;在克里米亚,247,312,403,404,405,442
Venice[地]威尼斯,309,314
Verkhneudinsk[地]上乌金斯克,13,558注
Verny[地]韦尔内,见Alma-Ata
Viatka[地]维亚特卡,473
Vidjaya[人]尉迟,见Vijaya
Vienna[地]维也纳,419
Vietnam[朝]越南(安南国占婆),见Annam; Champa
Viguri[族]昆奴格尔人,见Hunnugur
Vijaya (Vidjaya; Chaban)[地]佛誓,290,309
Vima Kadphises (Kadphises II)[人]维马·卡德菲斯二世,32
Vimalaksha[人]卑摩罗义,50
Visigoths[族]西哥特人,60,73-74,75,76
Vistula[地]维斯杜拉河,73,266
Vitautas[人]维托夫特,见Witowt
Vithimir[人]威塞米尔,73
Vitim[地]维季姆,515
Vitovt[人]维托夫特,见Witowt
Vladimir (place)[地]弗拉基米尔,247,265,395,407,436
Vladimirtsov, B. Y.[人]弗拉基米尔佐夫,193,194-195,201,202,204,207,215,217,222,247
Vladivostok[地]海参崴(符拉迪沃斯托克),128
Vocan[地]瓦罕,见Wakhan
vogul[族]窝古尔人,177,489
Vogul language[文]窝古尔语,576注
Volga (Itil)[地]伏尔加河(伊提尔河),10,14,72,73,173,180,181,182,186,247,264,268,270,271,276,281,282,304,312,392,393,396,397,400,402,403,419,436,440,442,472,486,521,525,540
Volgograd[地]伏尔加格勒,见Tsaritsyn
Völkerwanderung[专]民族大迁徙,16,54
Voronezh[地]沃罗涅什,7,10
Vorskla[地]沃尔斯克拉,443,469
Votiak[族]沃加克族人,489
Vozdvizhenskoye[地]沃兹德维任斯科耶,73
Vozha[地]沃查,405
Vugiu[地]婺州(浙江),见Wuchow (Chekiang)
Wahlstatt[地]瓦尔斯塔特,266
Wajih ad-Din Mas'ud[人]瓦吉黑哀丁·马苏德,390
Wakhan (Humi; Vocan)[地]瓦罕,41,118,306
Wali[人]瓦力,428,429
Wa-li-pu[人]斡离不,136
Wallachia[地]瓦拉几亚,6,75,174,175,176,184,268
Wang (as title)[专]“王”(称号),204
Wang (tribe)[族]王部,见Dörben Qoriya
Wang An-shih[人]王安石,296
Wang Chan[人]王振,507
Wang Chung-tsu[人]王忠嗣,118
Wang-khan (as title)[人]王罕(称号),192
Wang-khan (person),[人]王罕(脱斡邻勒),见Togrul
Wangtu[地]望都,128
Wan Li[人](明)万历皇帝,516
Wan Tu-kuei[人]万度归,62
Wan-yen[族]完颜部,134,136,516,571注;参见Kin
Wan-yen Ch'eng-huei[人]完颜承晖,230
Wan-yen Wu-shih (Goshi)[人]完颜希尹,139
Warfare[专]战术,见Battle tactics
"Warring States"("Fighting States")[朝]战国时代,20,24-25,26
Wassaf[人]瓦撒夫,333,338,384
Water, reverence for[专]崇拜河水,84,219,220
Waterways[专]水路,309,310
Waziristan[地]瓦济里斯坦,169
Wei (dynasty)[朝]北魏,60;参见Toba
Wei (river)[地]渭河,92,138,232,257,258,283
Wei (state)[朝]魏国,54,55
Wei, Hsi-[朝]西魏,见Hsi-Wei
Wei, Tung-[朝]东魏,见Tung-Wei
Wei-ch'ö[人]尉迟,101,115
Wei-chö Cheng[人]尉迟胜,567注
Wei-ch'ö Fu-shö[人]尉迟伏师,115
Weichow (Yüchow)[地]蔚州(幽州),106-107,108
Wei Ts'ing[人]卫青,34,35
Wenchow[地]温州,137
Wends[族]文德人,173
Wensu[地]温宿(乌什·吐鲁番),见Uch Turfan
Wen-tjong[人]王倎,288
White Horde (Chaghan-ordo; Aqordu)[族]白帐(查罕·斡耳朵,阿黑·斡耳朵),335,393,403,406-407,421,435,436,438,439,469,478-479,615注;参见Kipchak khanate; Orda
White Huns[族]白匈奴(莚哒),见Ephthalites
White Sheep[朝]白羊王朝,见Aq-Qoyunlu
Wieger, Léon[人]威格尔,21
William (of Nassio)[人](纳昔奥的)威廉,304
William (of Rubruck)[人](卢布鲁克村的)威廉,见Rubruck, William of
Witowt (Vitovt; Vitautas)[人]维托夫特,443,469
Wolf (böri)[专]狼(附离),xxvii,81,87,544注,560注
Wuchang (Wuchow; Hupeh)[宗](图腾)狼,[地]武昌(湖北),武州,284,285,287,323
Wu-che-lo[人]乌质勒,107,109
Wuchow (Hupeh)[地]武州(湖北省)(看武昌),见Wuchang
Wuchow (near Shoping)[地]武州(朔平附近),136
Wuchow (Vngiu; Chekiang)[地]婺州(浙江),308
Wu-chu[人]兀术,137
Wu Hou (Wu Tsö-t'ien)[人]武后(武则天),107,108,127
Wuhu[地]芜湖,287
Wu-huan[族]乌桓,39,54
Wu-kiai (Ugäq)[人]乌介可汗,569注
Wu-k'i-mai[人]吴乞买,136,571注
Wu-lei[地]乌垒,37
Wu-liang-ha[地]乌梁海(热河),见Jehol
Wu-ling[人]赵武灵王,20,550注
Wu-lo[人]乌禄,139
Wu San-kuei[人]吴三贵,517,518
Wu-sun[族]乌孙,29,30,34,37,38,40,45,53,552注
Wutai[地]五台山,133
Wu-ti[人]武帝,34,35,36,101
Wu Tsö-t'ien[人]武则天,见Wu Hou
Wu-tu-pu[人]吾睹补,230
Wuwei[地]武威,35,54
Xiengmai[地]清迈,见Chiangmai
Yabghu (as title)[专]叶护,82,87,560注-561注;参见She-hu
Yachy[地]押赤(看云南)见Yunnan (town)
Yadigar (Yadiyar)[人]雅迪格尔汗,475,489
Yaghma[族]样磨,572注
Yahballaha, Mar[人]马·雅巴拉哈三世,见Mar Yahballaha III
Yahya[人]牙黑牙,431,432,433
Yaik[地]扎牙黑河(乌拉尔河),见Ural (river)
Yaishan[地]厓厓山,288
Ya-ku (James; name)[人]雅各,301
Yakut[人]雅库特,xxv,544注
Yalavach, Mahmud[人]马合谋·牙剌洼赤,见Mahmud Yalavach
Yalavach, Mas'ud[人]麻速忽·雅剌洼赤,见Mas'ud Yalavach
Yamishevsk (Peschanaia)[地]雅米谢威斯克,523,532
Yang Chien[人]杨坚,88
Yangchow (Ianzu; Yangiu)[地]扬州,122,139,302,308,310,316,323
Yangi[地]养吉,见Talas (town)
Yangi-Hissar[地]英吉沙尔城,495
Yangiu[地]扬州,见Yangchow
Yang-shao-ts'un[地]仰韶村,4
Yang-ti[人]隋炀帝,89-90,98,99
Yangtze (Kian; Quian)[地]长江,57,137,138,139,259,283,284,287,293,302,304,309,310,323,516
Yang Ye[人]杨业,131
Yao Ch'ang[人]姚苌,59
Yao Chu[人]姚枢,283
Yao-shu-mu (Yoshmut)[人]尤斯姆,593注
Ya'qub[人]雅库伯,452
Yarkand (Soche; Yarcan)[地]叶儿羌(莎车)(鸭儿看),xxii,37,40,41,43,45,48,52,95,96,101,306,426,460,485,491,494,495,497,498,500,501,527,528,532,540,541,542
Yarligh (jarliq; imperial edict)[专]札儿里黑(敕令),282,597注
Yar Muhammad[人]雅尔·穆罕默德,486
Yaroslav (of Kiev)[人](基辅的)雅罗斯拉夫,182
Yaroslav (of Sternberg)[人]雅罗斯拉夫,266
Yaroslav (of Vladimir)[人]雅罗斯拉夫(弗拉基米尔的),269,395,615注
Yaroslavl[人]雅罗斯拉夫,265
Yaroslavskaya[地]雅罗斯拉夫斯卡雅,73
Yär-su[专]天地之精灵,见Yer-sub
Yasaq (jasa; jasaq; yasa; law code)[专]札撒(法典),221,230-231,252,256,275,312,328,416,418,586注
Yasd[地]耶斯特,见Yezd
Yasodharman[人]亚琐德哈尔曼,71
Yassawur[人]牙撒吾儿,340,386
Yassy[地]亚色,423
Yasun (subclan)[专]牙孙(小氏族),193
Yasy[地]雅西城(突厥斯坦城),见Turkestan (town)
Yavana (Ionians)[地](希腊人称呼)大宛,554注
Yazi[地]雅吉,423
Ye[地]邺城,58,59,60;参见Changteh
Yedigei[人]亦敌忽,见Idiqu
Yehangir[人]叶汗吉尔,526
Ye-hsien, Ye-hsien Taichi[人]也先台吉,见Esen (Esen-taiji)
Yelets[地]耶列兹城,441,471
Ye-li-k'o-wen (priests)[专]也里可温,300,602注
Yellow River (Caramoran; Kara Muren)[地]黄河,xxvi,27,35,55,60,61,132,133,136,138,176,226,232,233,257,258,283,308,510,604注
Yelmish[人]叶儿迷失,301
Ye-lü A-pao-ki[人]耶律阿保机,见A-pao-ki
Ye-lü Chih-lu-ku[人]耶律直鲁古,166,233,234,235
Ye-lü Ch'u-ts'ai[人]耶律楚材,231-232,250,251,256-257,258,268,593注
Ye-lü Hiou-ko[人]耶律休哥,131-132
Ye-lü Hsien[人]耶律贤,131
Ye-lü King[人]耶律璟,130
Ye-lü Lü-ko[人]耶律留哥,228,250
Ye-lü Lung-sü[人]耶律隆绪,131,132
Ye-lü Shih (Pu-su-wan)[人]耶律诗(普速完),166,167
Ye-lü Ta-shih[人]耶律大石,164,165,166,574注
Ye-lü Tö-kuang[人]耶律德光,见Tö-kuang
Ye-lü Yen-hsi[人]耶律延禧,136
Ye-lü Yi-lie[人]耶律夷列,166
Ye-lü Yüan[人]耶律阮,130
Yen, Hou-[朝]后燕,见Hou-Yen
Yen, Hsi-[朝]西燕,见Hsi-Yen
Yen, Nan-[朝]南燕,见Nan-Yen
Yen, Pei-[朝]北燕,见Pei-Yen
Yen, Ts'ien-[朝]前燕,见Ts'ien-Yen
Yenching, Yenchow[地]燕京,燕州(今北京),见Peking
Yenisei (people)[族]叶尼塞人,515
Yenisei (river)[地]叶尼塞河,xxiv,3,40,66,109,113,124,125,148,166,191,205,216,286,503,508,515,521,532
Yenki[地]焉耆(喀拉沙尔),见Kara Shahr
Yen-lo[人]奄罗,88
Yenmen[地]雁门,34,57,90
Yen-ta[人]俺答(阿勒坦汗),见Altan-khan
Yer-sub (yär-su; genies)[专]天地之精灵,86
Yesen Temür[人]也先帖木儿,见Esen Temür
Yesugän[人]也速根,208
Yesugei[人]也速该,192,198,199,203,578注
Yesui[人]也速亦,208,248
Yesun Temür[人]也孙铁穆耳,299,314,317,318,321
Yesut[族]叶苏特部,207
Ye-tai[族]莚哒人,见Ephthalites
“Ye-tai-i-li-t'o”[人]叶太伊里窦,68
Yezd (Yasd)[地]耶斯特,305,309,315,390,431,432,433
Yezdegerd II[人]耶斯特二世,68
Yezdegerd III[人]叶斯德苟特三世,116
Yi-che-shih[人]伊稚斜单于,35
Yichow[地]易州,132,570注
Yi-jan[人]伊然可汗,113
Yingchang (Kailu)[地]应昌(开鲁),325,502
Yingpan[地]营盘,42
Ying-tsung[人](明)英宗皇帝,507
Yi-sho (Isho; Jesus; name)[人]伊索,301
Yissu-Mangu[人]也速蒙哥,271,274,329
Yissu-Temür[人]玉昔帖木儿,293
Yi-sun[地]伊循,37
Yi-tsi-nai[地](哈拉霍托)亦集乃,见Karakhoto
Yitu[地]益都(青州),见Tsingchow
Yiwu (Hami or Lob Nor?)[地]伊吾(哈密),42,47,48
Yo Fei[人]岳飞,138
Yo-nan (John; name)[人]约南,301
Yotkan[地]约特干(于阗),见Khotan
Yüan[朝]元朝,xxx,288-321,323-325,327,339,367,396,502,503,513,519;参见Kublai
Yüan-ch'uan[地]苑川(兰州),见Lanchow
Yüan Shih[书]《元史》,198,205,206,208,212,213,214,215,229,231,588注
Yüchow[地]禹州(看钧州),见Kunchow
Yu-ch'u-kien[人]於除鞬,46
Yüeh-chih[族]月氏人(看贵霜),27-32,34,35,40,45,46,49,68,69,551注;参见Kushans
Yulduz[地]裕勒都斯,xxiii,46,67,80,83,84,93,173,338,413,419,422,424,425,460,461,463,493,495,497,498,506,539
Yülin (Fungchow)[地]榆林,25,107,511
Yümen[地]玉门,35
Yümen Kuan[地]玉门关,41
Yüncheng[地]郓城,301
Yünchow[地]云州(大同),见Tatung
Yunchung[地]云中,106
Yung-cheng[人]雍正皇帝,518,536,537
Yung-li (Yung-ming)[人]永历(永明),518
Yung Lo[人]永乐皇帝,453,456,459,503,504,505
Yung-ming[人]永明(永历),见Yung-li
Yungping[地]永平,108,127,230,517,557注
Yunkang[地]云岗,64
Yunnan (Caragian; Caraian; Nanchow; Tali; kingdom)[朝]云南国,283-284,307-308,518,598注
Yunnan (Iaci; Yachy; town)[地]云南,307
Yunnanfu[地]云南府(善阐),见Shanshan
Yunus[人]羽奴思,461,463,480,481,492,493-494,494-495,497,498,507
Yüqunan[人]玉忽南,583注
Yüräk[人]玉剌克,301
Yuriel[地]尤利城,407,436
Yurii (of Ryazan)[人](里亚赞的)尤里,265
Yurii (of Vladimir)[人](弗拉基米尔)尤里,247
Yurii II (of Suzdalia)[人](苏兹达里亚大公)尤里,265
Yuri Konchakovich[人]尤里·科思察科维奇,591注
Yurt (grazing land)[专]禹儿惕(牧地),221-222,253
Yusuf[人]玉素甫,541
Yusuf Khass Hajjib, Qudatqu bilig[人](霍吉勃)玉素甫·喀什《福乐智慧》,148
Yusuf Sufi[人]玉素甫·苏菲,421
Yuyü[地]右玉(朔平),见Shoping
Zabdat at-Tavarikh[书]《史记实录》,499
Zabergan (Zamergan)[人]扎伯干,79
Zafer-name[书]《武功记》,342,343,345,410,411,413,414,415,418,423,424,427,430,431,433,435-444各处,448,449,451
Zagan[人]察甘,见Chagan
Zagros[地]扎格罗斯山,169
Zahidan[地]扎希丹(沙尔-奥塔尔),见Sar-Otar
Zain al- 'Abidin[人]赞·阿比丁,431,432
Zaisan, Lake[地]斋桑湖,190,215,523,525,527,532,533
Zamergan[人]扎伯干,见Zabergan
Zaranj[地]扎兰季,428
Zaya Pandita[人]扎雅班第达,520
Zayton[地]刺桐(泉州),见Chüanchow
Zemarchos[人]蔡马库斯,84
Zenjan[地]赞詹,240,245,391
Zerin[地]泽林,364
Ziebil[人]札比尔可汗,179
Ziyad ibn-Salih[人]齐雅德·伊本·萨里,119-120
Znamenka[地]兹纳缅卡,18
Zodan[人]佐登,175
Zoroastrianism[宗]琐罗亚斯特教,7
Zubov[地]祖波夫,16
Zurulum (Corlu)[地]祖鲁姆(乔尔卢),174,184